Full text of "Грамматика нанайского иазыка (Grammar of the Nanai Language)"

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18 OOHETHHECKOE BBE4EHHE 



OnHCAHHE 3BYK0B (OOHEM) 

OcHOBHue rAacHwe cpoHeMbi 

CoCTas iwacHbix cpoHeM HaHaficKoro *3biKa xapaKTepH3yeTcn othoch- 
TeAbHWM 6oraTCTBOM, KOTopoe co3AaeTCH 6Aaro4apn HaAH^Hio npoTHBono- 

CTaBAeHHH KpaTKHX (He40ArHx) H 40ArHX TAaCHblX, HHCTWX H HOCOBMX, 

a TaK>Ke HaAHMHK) 6oAbinoro HHCAa caokhhx rAacHwx (4H<I>TOHroB). Bcero 

B HaHafiCKOM H3bIKe HaCHHTWBaeTCH 42 TAaCHblX (pOHeMbl. H3 Bcex po4" 
CTBCHHblX H3MKOB HaHaHCKHH yCTynaeT B 9TOM OTHOUieHHH pa3Be TOAbKO 

y4&ficKOMy. 

04HaKo Bee 9to MHoroo6pa3ne b KOHenHOM cueTe cbo4htch k cAe4y*o- 

UJHM UieCTH OCHOBHbIM HAH npOCTeHlIIHM TAaCHblM (J)OHCMaM, HBAHFOIIJHMCH 

npocTWMH, KpaTKHMH, ^hctmmh: [h]» [i], [a], [a], [y], [o]. 

CDoHeMa [h] — nepe4Hero pH4a, BepxHero no4'beMa, Heory6AeHHan, 
aKycTH^ecKH He oTAH^aioiija^cH ot cooTBeTCTByioEueH (poHeMbi pyccKoro 
H3biKa. IlpHMepbi: [nxapa] c AaMna\ [ncaAa a ] c HnjepHu,a\ [MHH4y] 'mhc y mchh\ 
[zHpa H ] : HaKOBaAbHH', [Typn] Vopox'; cp.: [Hra] f M03r' h [ara] f CTapinaH 
cecTpa', [xhmh] f npHX04n' n [x3mh] 'nHTancb, Kyinan'. 

OoHeivia [i] — nepe4Hero, HecKOAbKO oTo4BHHyToro Ha3a4 p«4a, npn- 
no4HHTO-cpe4Hero no4i>eMa (hh^kc BepxHero, ho Bbiuie cpe4Hero), Heory6- 
AeHHan, aKycTH^ecKH HanoMHHaioujaH pyccKyio (poHeMy [a] Hey4apneMyK) 
(xaK b cAOBax: smdm^ ceAO, Aemtim), ho 6oAee 3aKpbiTan (6oAee BwcoKan 
no no4i>eMy). IlpHMepbi: [ixo H ] c ceAeHHe\ [ipra] c pbi6aAKa', [niAaKTa] c 4htca\ 
[<uko] f KypHua', [qiMi] c y T P°'5 c P- : [i*a a ] c Tpn (qncAHTeAbHoe)' [oAa 11 ] 'noAbiHbn', 
[xipaMn] 'toactmh (b oTHouieHHH caoh)' h [xnp8 H ] c HaKOBaAbHn\ 

OoHeMa [a] — cpe4Hero (cMemaHHoro) pH4a, cpe4Hero no4i>eMa, Heory6- 
AeHHan, aicycTHHecKH HanoMHHaioiijaH pyccKyio (poHeMy [w] Hey4apneMyio 

(KaK B CAOBax: AblMdK, 8blCOKUU) 6blKu), HO 60Aee OTKpblTaK (6oAee HH3KaH 

no no4T>eMy) h npo4BHHyTan Bnepe4. IlpHMepbi: [aAy] c oropo4HMH Ayic\ 
[aicTa] ^eHnjHHa', [4apa] 'ctoa', [caAa] f >neAe3o\ [nnKTa] c pe6eHOK'; cp.: [ara] 
f CTapmaH cecTpa' h [ara] VrapniHH 6paT\ [t9M9 h ] c Bep6AK)4' h [TaMa 11 ] c neHa\ 
[cbas] c >KeAe3o' h [coah] c Anca\ 

Ct>oHeMa [a] — cpe4Hero (cMemaHHoro), HecKOAbKo o*ro4BHHyToro Ha3a4 
pH4a, HH>KHero no4T>eMa, Heory6AeHHan, aKycTH^ecKH HanoMHHaioiijafl coot- 
BeTCTByioujyio pyccicyio (pOHeMy, ho 6oAee 3a4HHH. IlpHMepbi: [aMa] r oTejj', 
[rapa] r BeTKa, cyi<\ [TaKTo] c aM6ap\ [or4a] c A04Ka'; cp.: [aMa] 'oTeu,' h [omo] 
( rHe34o\ [zapaAn] : roBopHT' h [xipaMn] 'toactwh (b OTHoiueHHH caoh)'; 

[X04a] C TOprOBAH' H [xa4y] 'CKOAbKo'. 

(DoHeMa [y] — 3a4Hero pH4a, BepxHero no4i>eMa, ory6AeHHan, aicycTH- 
qecKH He OTAHnaiouja^CH ot cooTBeTCTByioigeH (pOHeMM pyccKoro H3WKa. 
FIpHMepbi: [yea] c 3epHO, ceMn', [yArn] c 6ypyH4yic\ [6ypa] VapMOHb', [cypa] 
r Tonop', [xyAy] c 6eAKa'; cp.: [yH4axa H ] c 4ocKa' h [HH4axa fI ] c (oh) c4eAaA 
4HeBHofi nepepbiB b nyTn', [^yKH H ] "nAoxott, Hero4Hwfi' h [^okh] f KAK)eT', 
[yKy] '(pypyHKyA' h [ynn] 'kohck (pbi6a)'. 

CpoHeMa [0] — 3a4Hero, HecKOAbKo oT04BHHyToro Ha3a4 p«4a, npnno4- 
HHTO-cpe4Hero no4T>eMa (HH>Ke BepxHero, ho Bbiuie cpe4Hero), oryGAeHHafl, 
aKycTH^ecKH HanoMHHaioiJgaH cooTBeTCTByioajyio pyccKyio (pOHeMy, ho 6oAee 
3aKpbiTan (6oAee BbicoKan no no4i>eMy) h HecKOAbKo 6oAee 3a4HHH. IlpH- 
Mepbi: [060] 'HacTb, 40AH, nafi', [noKTo] f 4opora, CAe4, [6oqa n ] c H3K)6pb' ? 
[h'imo] c AeHOK (pw6a)'; cp.: [okto] 'nopouioK, AeKapcTBo' h [aKTa] f >neHiijHHa\ 
[omh] r nbeT, KypHT' h fyMn] 'roBopn', [h'imo] 'achok (pbi6a)' h [nHMy] 'pn6miK\ 



OnHCAHHE 3ByKOB 



19 



YnacTHe ry6 b apTHKyAHjjHH rAacHMx He HMeeT b HaHaftcKOM H3WKe 
peuiaioinero 3Ha^eHHH h hbahctch AHinb AonoAHHTeAbHWM MOMeHTOM, conpo- 
BO>K4aioLyHM o6pa30BaHHe rAacHbix 3a4Hero pH4a. IlpoTHBonoAOJKeHHe rAac- 
Hbix OCynjeCTBA^eTCH AHIIIb no 4ByM CBH3aHHbIM C pa6oTOft H3bIKa ahhhhm: 

no p«4y h no no4i>eMy. 

B HeCKOAbKO ynpOUjeHHOM, CXeMaTHSOBaHHOM BH4C CHCTeMV OCHOBHMX 

rAacHbix (poHeM HaHaficKoro H3WKa mo>kho npe4CTaBHTb b BH4e cAe4yionjett 

Ta6AHjJbI. 

Ta6AHU,a BblHBAJieT CTpO- 
ryK) CHMMeTpH^HOCTb CHCTeMbI 

rAacHbix <J)OHeM, KOTopan nr- 
paeT Ba>KHyio poAb b <J)OHe- 
THnecKOM cTpoe HaHaScKoro 
H3biKa T a ^epe3 Hero OTpa- 

>KaeTCH H B MOp(f)OAOrHH. C 

Heft CBH3aH peryAHpHbiB chh- 

rapMOHH3M TAaCHblX, HBAHK)- 
UJHHCH 04HHM H3 OCHOBHMX 

aaKOHOB HaHaftcKOH (Jjohcthkh. 
B npe4eAax Ka>K4oro pfl4a 
HMeeTCH napa 6ah3khx Me>K4y 
co6oh B3aHMHo Hepe4yioujHX- 
ch rAacHbix <})OHeM. B npe- 
4CAax Ka>K4oM H3 3thx Tpex 
nap pa3AHHHe Me>K4y <poHe- 
MaMH npoHBAHeTCH b hx no4i>e- 
Me: Ka>K4an H3 cpoHCM Bbiuie 

HAH HH>Ke BTOpOft B TOH >Ke 

nape Ha o4Hy cTyneHb no4T»e- 

Ma. BAaro4apn aTOMy npoTHBonoAOiKeHHK) CHCTeMa rAacHMx (J)OHeM 
HaHaiicKoro nswKa CKAa4MBaeTCH H3 4Byx npoTHBocTOHujHX 4pyr 4pyry 
rpynn, hah cepnft rAacHbix $ohcm: 6oAee hhskhx no no4'beMy h 6oAee 

1 a ° rr 
BbicoKHx no no4*beMy, to ecTb: . 1 lpoTHBonoAo>KeHHe rAacHbix no 

nay 

napaM h cepHHM b aaBHCHMocra ot p*4a h no4*beMa h cAy>KHT ocHOBoft 
CHHrapMOHH3Ma rAacHMx, kotopom no4po6Hee 6y4eT cnasaHO HH>Ke 

(cTp. 40 H CA.). 

H3 onncaHHH rAacHwx (poneM bh4ho, ito He bo Bcex napax pasAH^ne 
Me>K4y (poHeMaMH o4HHaKOBoe. Ha u,eAyio CTyneHb no4i>eMa pa3AHqaK>TCH 
AHUib rAacHbie cpe4Hero p*4a [a] h [a]. B ocTaAbHbix 4Byx napax rAacHbie 
pa3AHHaiOTca Ha HenoAHyio CTyneHb no4i>eMa, npn^eM pasAH^ne Me>K4y [o] 
h [y] HecKOAbKo 6oAbiuee, ^eM Me>K4y [i] h [h]. EAaro4apn aTOMy pe4yKjjHH 

TAaCHblX [0] H [i] 3HaHHTeAbHO c6AH>KaeT HX C TAaCHMMH [y] h [h], qacTo 

npHB04H hx, oco6eHHo b KOHe^Hoft nosHUHH, k nepexo4y b nocAe4HHe, 
to ecTb k Mepe40BaHHK) (poHeM, Tor4a KaK pe4yKUHH rAacHoro [a] KpaflHe 
pe4Ko npHB04HT k nepexo4y ero b rAacHwft [a] (06 8tom cm. CTp. 40). 
HeTpy4Ho 3aMeTHTb Taione, *ito rAacHbie, oTHocHUjHecK k 6oAee hhskoM 
no no4 , beMy cepnn, hmciot HecKOAbKo OT04BHHyTyio Hasa4 apTHKyAHijHK), 
*ito cKa3MBaeTCH na oTTeHKax HeKOTopwx co^eTawnjHXCH c hhmh corAac 

HblX (J)OHeM (CM, CTp. 44 H CA.). 

OtTCHKH (BapnaHTbl) (})OHeM [o] H [l], KOTOpbie B03HHKaK)T HCKAK>*IHTeAbHO 

b pesyAbTaTe pe4yKjjHH nocAe4HHx, BbipajKaionjeficH b noBwmeHHH no4i»eMa 

iI3WKa, 6e3 40CTaTOHHbIX K TOMy OCHOBaHHft paC|jeHHBaAHCb HHOr4a HeKOTO- 

2* 



/Jo^^e^tK 


flepedHuu 


Cpednuu 


Sadmiu 


BepxHuu 


































































H 




















y 


































































CpednuH 








i 





































































3 












































































HajfCHud 














































































a 











































































20 cpOHETHMECKOE BBE4EHHE 



PMMH HCCAe40BaTeAHMH KaK caMOCTOHTeAbHbie 3ByKH. TaK, O. 11. CyHHK 
yCTaHaBAHBaA 4AH HaHaHCKOrO H3blKa BOCeMb rAaCHHX 3ByKOB, H3 KOTOpblX 

TpH — rAacHbie nepeAHero pn4a: [i] — BepxHero 1104'beMa, [h] — Me>K4y Bepx- 
hhm h cpe4HHM, [e] — cpe4Hero no4T>eMa; 4Be — (poHeMW cpe4Hero pn4a: 
[a] — cpe4Hero no4*beMa, [a] — HH>KHero no4'beMa; TpH — <|>OHeMbi 3a4nero 
pK4a: [y] — BepxHero no4T>eMa, [y] — Me>K4y BepxHHM h cpe4HHM, [o] — 
cpe4Hero no4i>eMa. 1 

T. H. IleTpoBa Haxo4HT b HanaMcKOM H3biKe ceMb npoCTbix, KpaTKHx 
rAacHwx cpOHeM, BKAtoqaa b hx cocTaB Aa6HaAH30BaHHbift rAacHwft 3a4Hero 
pH4a, npoiMOKyTOHHoro Me>K4y BepxHHM h cpe4HHM no4"beMa, o6o3HaqaeMbitt 
eio 3iiaKOM [y].- 

06a Ha3BaHHbIX HCCAC40BaTeAH BKAlOHaiOT B COCTaB TAaCHMX HHCTO 

no3nijHOHHbili BapnaHT cpoHeMH [o] (y O. n. CyHHKa [y], y T. H. IleTpo- 
Boft [/]), a O. EI. CyHHK — TaK>Ke h nosnijHOHHbift BapnaHT <j)OHeMbi [i]' 
(y O. n. CyHHKa [h]). 

Bo BceM ocTaAbHOM cxeMbi KAaccH(J>HKai^HH h apTHKyAHijHOHHbie xapaK- 
TepncTHKH rAacHbix (poHeM HaHaffcKoro H3biKa, 4aBaeMbie b pa6oTax cne- 

UHaAHCTOB no BTOMy H3bIKy, B OCHOBHOM COBIia4aK)T. 

B. H. LjHH^yc, onnpaionjaHCH b othohichhh HaHaBcKoro H3MKa Ha 

pa60TM T. H. IleTpOBOit, BHOCHT HeKOTOpbie H3MeHeHHH B yCTaHOBHBUIHeCH 

xapaKTepncTHKH rAacHwx (poHeM h npHHijanbi hx KAaccH<}>HKaijHH. Ilo ee 
MHeHHio, rAacHan <{>oHeMa [a] b HaHaficKOM H3WKe othochtch k nepe4HeMy 
pH4y. 3 

PeaAbHoe HaHaacKoe npoH3HomeHHe h bch cHCTeMa HaHaftCKOro BOKa- 

AH3Ma CBH4eTeAbCTByK)T O TOM, HTO TAaCHbie $OHeMbI [a] H [9] OTHOCHTCH 

k o4HOMy h TOMy >Ke cpe4HeMy, hah cMemaHHOMy pH4y, npnqeM (poneMa [a] 
HecKOAbKo OT04BHHyTa Ha3a4> a HHKaK He npo4BHHyTa Bnepe4. Ecah 6m 

3TH (})OHeMbI OTHOCHAHCb K pa3AH^HbIM pH4aM, Heo6'bHCHHMOS OCTaAaCb 6bl 

hx B3aHM03aMeHHeMOCTb (peryAHpHoe *iepe40BaHHe) Ha ochobc 3aKOHa chh- 
rapMOHHSMa; ecAH 6bi [a] 6mao 6oAee nepe4HHM, qeM [a], Heo6 r bHCHHMMM 
ocTaAocb 6m ero accHMHAHTHBHoe B034eMcTBHe Ha HeKOTopwe corAacHwe, 

BbI3bIBaK)IH,ee HX 60Aee 3a4HK)K) apTHKyAHlJHK) (06 9TOM CM. HH>Ke, CTp. 44). 

KpoMe 4eAeHHH rAacHbix no pH4aM, B. H. LjHHHHyc CHHTaeT Ba>KHWM 4AH 
HaHaHCKoro H3biKa OTMeTHTb npoTHBonoAo>KeHHe Hery6Hbix rAacHbix ry6- 
hwm, „niHpoKHx" [a], [a], [o] — „y3KHM" [h], [i], ]y], „TBep4bix" [i], [a], 
[o]— w MHrKHM" [h], [a], [y]. 4 

B 4eSCTBHTeAbHOCTH >Ke, KaK 6bIAO OTMe^eHO BblUie, 4AH CHCTeMbI Ha- 

HaftcKoro BOKaAH3Ma peaAbHbiS cmmca HMeeT AHiub pa34eAeHHe TAaCHMX 
b 3aBHCHM0CTH ot pH4a h no4*beMa. Ory6AeHHocTb HBAneTCH AHuib 406a- 
bomhwm npH3HaK0M Bcex rAacHbix 3a4Hero pH4a. B 4eAeHHH TAaCHblX Ha 
„mHpoKHe" h „y3KHe", cy4H no co4ep>KaHHio ncnoAb3yeMbix TepMHHOB, mo>kho 

6bIAO 6bl BH4CTb HX 4eHCTBHTeAbH0e H BeCbMa Ba>KHOe 4AH HaHaHCKoro 

H3bma pa34eAeHHe Ha OTHOCHTeAbHo 6oAee bwcokhc h oTHocHTeAbHo 6oAee 
HH3KHe no no4i>eMy, o ^eM roBopHAOCb Bbiuie (eTp. 19). 04HaKoB. H. IJhh- 
ijnyc othocht k „iiihpokhm" rAacHMM HapH4y c [a] h [o] TaKaie h [a], 
a k „y3KHM" HapH4y c [h] h [y] TaK>Ke h [i], — hto CBH4eTeAbCTByeT 
KaKOM-TO hhom npHHnnne 4eAeHHH, He BbiTenaionjeM H3 caMoS (poHeTHqe- 
ckoh CHCTeMbi HaHaMcKoro H3MKa. Bo3mo>kho, hto TaKoe 4eAeHHe npoH3Be- 



1 O. n. CyHHK, O «3biKe HaHaSijeB Ha p. Kype, CTp. 539. 

2 T. H. n eTp ob a. OqepK rpaiwMaTHKH HanaficKoro H3MKa. CTp. 17. 

3 B. H. LjHHijHyc. CpaBHHTeAbHaa q»0HeTHKa TyHryco-MaHbqKypCKHx H3WK0B. 
yqneArH3, A M 1949, CTp. 69. 

4 TaM jfse. ; 



OTIHCAHHE 3BYKOB 



21 



4eHo 4AH y^oGcTBa cpaBHeHHH c 4pyrHMH H3MKaMH, ho b 3tom cAyqae 
ecTeCTBeHHO 6mao 6m o>KH4aTb cooTBeTCTByioujeH oroBopKH. ^eAeuue 

TAaCHMX Ha „TBep4bie" H „MHrKHe" B. H. IjHHUHyC CBH3bIBaeT C 3aKOHOM 

CHHrapMOHH3Ma rAacHbix h HMeeT npH 3tom b BH4y hx 4eAeHHe Ha yKa3aH- 
Hbie Bbiuie 4Be cepHH. HenoHHTHo, no^eMy Taicoe 4eAeHHe rAacHwx Ha 4Be 
rpynnbi B. H. LjHmjHyc HHKaK He cBH3WBaeT c hx pa3AHqHHMH no no4T>- 
eMy, xoth coBepmeHHO npaBHAbHoe yKa3aHHe Ha 3Ty CBH3b wMeeTcn b yno- 
MHHyTOH pa6oTe T. H. IleTpoBOH. 1 HenoHHTHO TaK>Ke, 3a^eM 4ByM cepHHM 
rAacHbix HaHaficKoro H3WKa npHCBaHBaTb HaHMeHOBaHHH: „TBep4bie l( h „Mnr- 

KHe". 9th TepMHHbl, npHMeHeHHbie no OTHOIHCHHK) K SBeHKHHCKOMy H3bIKy 

M. A. KacTpeHOM cto c ahiiihhm act Ha3a4 h HMeioujHe H3BecTHbie onpaB- 

4aHHH B (J)OHeTHHeCKHX CHCTeMaX MOHrOAbCKHX H TK)pKCKHX H3bIK0B, HH 
B KaKOH Mepe He npHAO^KHMbl K H3bIKaM TyHryCO-MaHb^^KypCKHM. B CaMOM 

4eAe, — c KaKOH tomkh 3peHHH rAacHbifi 3ByK [i], naAaTaAH3yioiuHH npe4- 
mecTByionjHe corAacHbie, mo>kct pacijeHHBaTbCH KaK 6oAee „TBep4biH", qeM 
rAacHwe [a] h [y], He o6Aa4a*oiijHe cnoco6HOCTbK> naAaTaAH30BaTb hto- 
ah6o, h Boo6nje, uto 6oAee M MHrKoro" mo>kho o6Hapy*KHTb b 3ByKax [h], 
[a], [y] no cpaBHeHHio co 3ByKaMH [i], [a], [o]? 

TaKHM o6pa30M, nonwTKy B. H. LJnHijHyc bhccth H3MeHeHHH b KAac- 

CH<j)HKanHK> TAaCHblX 3ByKOB HaHaHCKOrO H3MKa, KAaCCH(J)HKaiJHK), Bbipa- 

6oTaHHyio Ha ocHOBe Ha6AK>4eHHfi p«4a cneijHaAHCTOB no aToiwy H3bncy, — 

HHKaK HeAb3H npH3HaTb o6oCHOBaHHOH. 



#oATHe TAacHbie <{)OHeMbi 

<4ah ^)OHeTH^ecKOH cHCTeMbi HaHaitcKoro H3biKa cyujecTBeHHoe 3HaqeHHe 
HMeeT pa3AHHHe b KOAH^ecTBeHHOH CTopoHe rAacHbix (poHeM. Ka>K4an H3 

UieCTH OCHOBHblX TAaCHblX (})OHeM HMeeT no 4Be pa3HOBH4HOCTH: KpaTKyK) 
H 40AryK). FIpOTHBOnOCTaBAeHHe KpaTKOCTH H 40ArOTbI (j)OHeM 04H0r0 Ka- 

qecTBa, 04HOH apTHKyAHijHH cnoco6HO b HeKOTopbix CAy^anx oTMeqaTb pa3- 
ahmhh Me^4y CAOBaMH. rio4TBep>K4eHHe 3TOMy mo>kho BH4eTb, HanpHMep, 
b cAe4yK)ujHx napax caob, hmckuijhx 04HHaKOBbift b Ka^ecTBeHHOM oTHouie- 

HHH COCTaB 3ByKOB, HO paSAHHaiOIIJHXCH KOAHMeCTBeHHOH CTOpOHOH 04HHX 

h Tex >Ke rAacHwx: 



6ypn] 

Typn] 

6apn] 

caAa] 

Ky^in] 

mohtoh'h] 

nyiiKy] 

TaxaH'n] 

nHKTa] 

Topa] 

yHKHH'n] 

3H3Mh] 
XOAaMHJ 



: AyK (opyaiHe)'- 
f ropox' 

'TOBapHUj' 

f >KeAe3o' - 

c roAy6b' — 

*men (ero)' — 

c nAaTOK' — 
*KopeHb (ero)' — 

'peoeHOK' — 

'ctoa6' — 

c CKa3aA (oh)' — 



[6ypHj '4aeT' 

[t7ph f na4aeT' 

[6apn] ( Haxo4HT' 

[caAa] ^KpacHOBaTo' 
[k^^h] 'coce^ 

[mohtoh'h] f naAKa (ero)' 

[nyHKy] f o6Aa4aioiijHH 3anaxoM r 

[tsxsh'h] f ceA (oh)' 

[nHKTa] c KpanHBa* 

TOpa] C B306paBUIHCb' 

yifKHH'H] c pacTanA (oh)' 

3H3MH] C He H4H 5 

xoaSmh] ( He qHTan' 



Pa3AH^He B KOAH^eCTBeHHOH CTOpOHe TAaCHblX He HMeeT nOCTOHHHOrO, 

CTporo onpe4eAeHHoro xapaKTepa. ^oAroTa rAacHbix HaH6oAee ot^ctahbo 



1 T. H. FI e t p o b a. OMepK rpaMMarMKH HaHaiiCKoro H3faiKa, cxp. 22. 



22 (POHETHMECKOE BBE4EHHE 



npoHBAneTCH b nepBwx CAorax, oco6chho y rAaroAbHwx ochob, KOAHqecT- 
BeHHan CTopoHa rAacHbix y KOTopbix CKasbiBaeTCH Ha hx cnpn>KeHHH, o neM 
6y4eT CKaaaHo b cooTBeTCTByioiijHx pa34eAax MoptpoAorHH. B ocTaAbHbix ace 
CAorax, oco6eHHo y Tex caob, KOTopwe He othochtch k rAaroAaM, pas- 

AHIHe MOK4y KpaTKHMH H 40ArHMH 3ByKaMH MCHee 3Ha*IHTeAbHO H Ha cAyx 
MaCTO BOBCe He BOCnpHHHMaeTCH. 9tO o6CTOHTeAbCTBO IIOCAyiKHAO O4HOH 

M3 npHHHH Toro, ^to b npaKTH^ecKHH aA(J>aBHT HaHaflcKoro AHTepaTypHoro 
H3WKaHe6biAO BBe4eH0 oco6oe o6o3Ha*ieHHe 40AroTbirAacHwx, xoth 9to h 
BbI3bIBaeT U,eAbIH pH4 Hey4o6cTB. 

Hauje Bcero 40Arne rAacHwe BCTpe^aiOTCH b 04HOCAO>KHbix kophhx 
(b KopHeBWx cAOBax hah HenpoH3B04Hbix ocHOBax) THna: [to] f Aocb', [mo] 
^epeBo', [50] *40m\ [ny H ] *3anax\ [Ha] *3eMAn\ [4a] f y CTbe '> [6a-] f HaftTH, 
Haxo4HTb, noAy^HTb, noAynaTb 1 , [Ty-] 'ynacTb, na4aTb', [6?-] \4aTb, 4asaTb', 

[h§-] C nOAOiKHTb, KAaCTb', [AO-] 'nOBeCHTb, BeUiaTb', [ca-J *y3HaTb, 3HaTb', 
[TO-] *B30HTH, B36HpaTbCH, BOCX04HTb 7 , [cH-] C MHHOBaTb\ Bo MHOrHX CAy^aHX 

40AroTa rAacHwx oGtjhchhctch 34ecb Bbina4eHHeM hah 0Tna4eHHeM corAac- 

HMX HAH geAWX CAOrOB. K TaKOMy SaKAIO^eHHK) npHB04HT cpaBHeHHH 

c po4CTBeHHbiMH H3WKaMH, 4aioujHMH bo MHorHX CAy*iaHX 6oAee 4peBHHe 
(popMbi. npHBO>Ky HeKOTOpbie H3 9THX cootbctctbhh: HaH. [To]//9BeHK. 
moKu//MSLHbH7K. moxo; HaH. [mo]//mohf. moao; HaH. [6a]//MaHb^>K. 6axa-; 
HaH. [Ty-]//MaHbH>K. myxa-; HaH. [a6-]//3bchk. aoko-; caobo [jo] *40m' b ca- 
mom HanaficKOM H3bnce HMeeT BapHaHT [jor], Ha40 4yMaTb» 6oAee 4pesHHtt. 1 

BecbMa nacTo 40ArHM oica3biBaeTCH rAacHbifl, npe4mecTByioin j nH CTene- 
hhk) 4Byx corAacHbix, HanpHMep: [6okto] ( Ke4poBbifi opex', [Mapra 8 ] *CKa- 
30HHbiH repofi\ [HaifKan] ? hoctohhho\ [4aAny H ] r pbi6HH KAeft\ [cskcs] *KpOBb', 
[cSrj8 H ] 'KpacHbifi', [qarja 11 ] r 6eAbiH\ [kokto*] 'nonAaBOK', [40A5H] c CAbiuiHT\ 
[k9H48ah] ^BpaqjaeTCH', c BOKpyr\ Bo3mo>kho, hto b no4o6Hbix cAyqaax 40A- 
roTa HBHAacb pesyAbTaTOM Bwna4eHHH CAe4yK)iH j ero rAacHoro iwe>K4y 4ByMH 
corAacHWMH, KOMneHcnpyioHjHM 9Ty yTpaTy. 

Ilpoijecc npeBpaujeHHH KpaTKHx rAacHwx npw H3BecTHbix vcaobhhx 
b 40Arne npoHcxo4HT h Ha HauiHx rAa3ax. TaK, HanpHMep, 40AroTa bos- 
HHKaeT npH o6pa30BaHHH <j>opMw 6e3AHqHoro npH^acTHH ot ochob, OKaH- 
qHBaionjHxcH Ha rAacHwe [o] hah [y]. Ee B03HHKH0BeHHe cBH3aHo c Bbina- 
4eHHeM corAacHoro [b] Me>K4y 4ByMH 04HHaK0BMMH rAacHWMH. 06n3aTeAb- 
hwmh SAeMeHTaMH (popMW 6e3AH^Horo npHqacTHH hbahiotch: ocHOBa, cy(|>- 
<J>hkc 6e3AHHHoro npn^acTHH h cy(p(j)HKC BpeMeHH. Bo3bMeM 4ah npHMepa 
6e3AHUHoe npnnacTHe [jo66ph] c npe4Ha3HaHeHHoe 4ah pa6oTbi\ f Hy>KHO pa- 
6oTaTb\ Oho CKAa4HBaeTCH H3 ochobm [jo6o~], cytyip. 6e3AHMHoro npnna- 
cthh [-bo] h cy(p(J). HacTOHUjero BpeMeHH [-pn] ([ jo6o -+- bo -h ph]). Bwna- 

4eHHe 3ByKa [b] npHB04HT K CTfl>KeHHIO 4ByX 04HHaK0BbIX TAaCHblX B 04HH 

40ATHfi. ^oAroTa KOHe^Horo rAacHoro o6pa3yercH HHor4a h b (popMax no- 
seAHTeAbHoro HaKAOHeHHH rAaroAa. TaK, ot toh >Ke ochobw b npoH3Ho- 
uieHHH cocynjecTByeT 4Ba BapnaHTa noBeAHTeAbHoro HaKAOHeHHH: [jo6opy] 
([jo6o -+- py]) h [ jo6o] ^padoTaH'. BTopofi BapnaHT — pe3yAbTaT Bbina4eHHH 
Me>K4y 4ByMH rAacHMMH 3syKa [p], 

HenoAHorAacHHM (popMaM HeKOTopbix caob HaHXHHCKoro h caKa^H- 
aAHHCKoro roBopoB b rapHHCKOM roBope cooTBeTCTByiOT noAHorAacHbie 
<J>opMbi, HanpHMep: Hafix. [dAno H ]//rap. [ciAono H ] 'BepTeA'; Hafix. [rymcyAH]// 
rap. [ryjyKyAn] ^KpacHBbiS'; Hafix. [Myp^H}//rap. [Mypyuw] r 4yMaeT'; Hafix. 
[nyM^g J//rap. [qyMyq^a a ] 'naAeu' H T « n - BoAee apxaH^HMMH cAe4yeT npn- 

3HaTb rapHHCKHe BapHaHTM. OHH nOMOraiOT HaM noHHTb npHHHHy B03HHK- 
1 Cp. TaKKe: B. H« LJ h h y h y c. CpaBHHTeAbHafl (j)OHeTHKa TyHryco-MBHbMJKypCKHX 

H3bIK0B, CTp. 110 — 115. 



OnHCAHHE 3BYKOB 23 



HOBeHMH b pn^e caob 40AroTbi (npaB4a, HHor^a BecbMa HesHa^iHTeAbHofl) 
y rAacHwx, npe^mecTByio^HX CTeneHHio 4Byx corAacHbix. 

OAHaKo pa3AHHHbie CAyqaw Bbina4eHHH h oTna4eHHH 3ByKOB He MoryT 
^aTb HCMepnbiBaioii|ero, yHHBepcaAbHoro 06'bHCHeHHH 40AroTM rAacHbix 

B HaHaflCKOM H3bIKC TaKOrO p04a npH^HHaMH HCB03MOJKHO 06'bHCHHTb B03- 

HHKHOBeHHe 40AroTbi rAacHMx b 6oAbiuoM KOAH^ecTBe caob THna: [Ha] 
r 3eMAn', [naBa] c okho', [Hy^m] 'MaAeHbKHif, [xoh'h] ( KaK\ [43pyp H ] ? na*iH- 
Haer', [hocoph] f cTaBHT\ [capw] r 3HaeT' h t. 4. 1 rio-BH4HMOMy, 40Arora 
rAacHbix b pasAH^Hbix HaHaficKHx cAOBax Bo3HHKAa b pa3Hoe BpeMH, OT 
caMbix oT4aAeHHbix anox, npe4inecTBOBaBiUHx o6pa30BaHHio caMocroHTeAb- 
Horo HaHaiiCKoro H3HKa (40ArHe rAacHbie hmciotch bo Bcex TyHryco-MaHb- 
H*KypCKHx H3biKax) 40 HauiHx 4HeH f npHneiw B03HHKAa oHa no4 4©ftCTBHeM 
pa3AH^Hbix npHHHH, MHorHe H3 KOTopbix ycTaHOBHTb Tenepb y>Ke He 
y4aeTCH. 34ecb Ba>KHo no4^epKHyTb, ^to npoijecc npeBpanjeHHH b H3BecT- 

HblX yCAOBHHX KpaTKHX TAaCHblX B 40ArHe np040A>KaeT OCTaBaTbCH >KHBbIM, 

ne3aTyxaioujHM npoijeccoM h 4ah coBpeMeHHoro HaHaficKoro H3biKa. 

<4oArHe rAacHwe b MHorocAoaiHwx CAOBax BCTpe^aioTCH, KaK b 9tom 
HeTpy4Ho y6e4HTbCH 4a>Ke no HeMHoro^HCAeHHMM npHBe4eHHWM Bbiuie npH- 
MepaM, ^auje Bcero b nepBbix CAorax, pe>Ke — b cpe4HHHbix h Kpatae 
pe4Ko — b KOHe^Hbix, npHHeM b noCAe4HeM CAy^ae 40AroTa rAacHoro 

o6bI<iHO npaKTH^eCKH Hepa3AH^HMa H MO>KeT 6bITb BOCCTaHOBAeHa AHUIb 

cpaBHHTeAbHMM nyTeM. 

HapK4y c npojjeccoM o6pa30BaHHH HoBbix 40AroT b HaHaftcKOM H3biKe 
H4eT npoTHBonoAo>KHbiH npojjecc — 0CAa6AeHHe CTapwx 40AroT b tom 
CAynae, ecAH hx cyujecTBOBaHHe He no44ep>KHBaeTCH KaKHMH-AH6o o6ctoh- 

TCAbCTBaMH. CpaBHeHHe C 4pyrHMH p04CTBeHHMMH H3bIKaMH, OCo6eHHO 
BBeHKHHCKHM, 9BeHCKHM, y49HCKHM, IlOKa3bIBaeT, *ITO HaHaftCKHft H3MK yT~ 

paTMA BecbMa 3HanHTeAbHoe KOAH^ecTBo 40AroT, — o4HaKo He Be34£. Co- 
xpaucHHe o6pa3oBaBiue8cH paHee 40AroTM rAacHbix b Ha^aAbHbix CAorax 
no44ep>KHBaeTCH TeM, mto y4apeHne peryAHpHo na4aeT Ha noCAe4HHe CAorH. 
^4oAroTa KaK 6w 4onoAHneT y4apeHHe, HecKOAbKO ycHAHBaa Haw6oAee ot- 
^aAeHHbie ot Hero CAorH. Y rAacHbix, npe4iuecTByK>iijHx cTeneHHio co- 
rAacHbix, oHa no44ep>KHBaeTCH CTpeMAemieM KOMneHCHpoBaTb He40CTaT0K 

TAaCHblX H COXpaHHTb o6l!jyK) 3By^HOCTb CAOBa. y KOHeHHMX TAaCHblX 
TAarOAbHblX OCHOB OHa Il044ep>KHBaeTCH 3aBHCHMOCTbK) THnOB cnpn>KeHHH OT ko- 
AHHeCTBeHHOH CTopOHbl 9THX TAaCHblX. B OCTaAbHblX CAy^aHX CTapbie 40ArOTN, 

KaK npaBHAo, ocAa6AHK)TCH, npH^eM Tanoe ocAa6AeHHe HaH6oAee pe3Ko cna- 
3WBaeTCH Ha KOHe^HMx CAorax b cbh3h co CBoHcTBeHHOH hm o6ujeH pe- 
4yK|jHefi rAacHbix. 

^OArHMH MoryT 6bITb Bee UieCTb OCHOBHMX TAaCHWX (pOHeMJ HHMMH 
CAOBaMH, HaHafiCKHH BOKaAH3M BKAK)MaeT B Ce6fl HapH4y C yKa3aHHWMH BHIIie 
UieCTbK) KpaTKHMH TAaCHblMH $OHCMaMH TaK>Ke UieCTb 40ArHX TAaCHblX 

iponeu: [h], [i], [a], [a], [y], [o]. 

KpoMe nepe^HCAeHHbix Bbiuie iuecTH 4oathx rAacHwx 3ByKOB, npoTHBo- 

CTOHUJHX IIieCTH KpaTKHM, 04HOp04HbIM C HHMH B Ka*ieCTBeHHOM OTHOlIieHHH, 
HMeeTCH eUje Ce4bMOH, CTOHUJHH HeCKOAbKO 060C06AeHH0 40ArHH TAaCHMft 

3ByK [e]. Oh BCTpe^aeTCH rAaBHWM o6pa30M b ycTHofi pe^H anH^ecKH-no- 
BecTBOBaTeAbHoro cthah. I1o3hhhh ero cTporo ^HKCHpOBaHa: OH BCTpe- 

MaeTCH nOHTH HCKAIOMHTeAbHO B a6C0AI0THOM KOHHe CAOBa. 



1 B. M. IJHHijHyc HaabiBaeT TaKHe 40ArHe rAacHbie „nepBHHHUMH w , b otahhhc ot 

^BTOpHMHblx" 40ArHX TAaCHWX, UpOHCXOiK^eHHe KOTOpblX OT COHeTaHHH TAaCHblX C COrA8C- 
HblMH pa3TjHCHH6TCfl H3 3ByK0BbIX COOTBeTCTBHH MeiKAY »3bIKaMH TyHryCO-MaHbHJKypCKOH 

rpynnw. Cm.: CpaBHHTeAbHaH (poHetHKa..., CTp. 95. 



24 (DOHETHHECKOE BBE4EHHE 



Hctophh 3Toro 3ByKa TaKOBa, C ijeAbH) yCHA6HHfl SHa^eHHfl HCKOTOpblX 
caob nocAe^HHe Hepe^Ko npoH3HocHTc*i c 0C060M noA^epKHBaioiijefi hhto- 
Hansen. TaKaa HHTOHaijHH Bbipa>KaeTCfl b yAbTpa^AHTeAbHOM (npeBbimaioineM 
o6hmnyK), CBoficTBeHHyio 40ArHM (poHeMaM, 40AroTy) npoH3HoiueHHH KOHeq- 

HMX TAaCHMX C 04H0BpeMeHHMM 3Ha*IHTeAbHbIM nOBblUieHHCM TOHa TOAOCa 

h nocTeneHHWM, KaK 6m CKOAb3HiHHM, MaKCHMaAbHbiM noHH>KeHHeM 1104*- 
eMa H3MKa. y caob, oKaH^HBaioinHxcH Ha rAacHwe [i] hah [h], b pe3yAb- 
TaTe TaKoS HHTOHanHH npoHcxo4HT 4H(pTOHrH3ayHH KOHe^Horo rAacHoro, 
npeBpanjaioujaH ero b [i§j hah [na] c no4 t iepKHyTo 4AHTeAbHWM npoH3HO- 
iueHHeM BTOpoM cocTaBHofi qacTH 4H(pT0Hra. MHorne HaHaB hmchho Tax h 

npOH3HOCHT TaKHe, HanpHMep, CAOBa, KaK [aH3MH3-a] f H4H, H4H ...\ [6aA- 

jiMi§-a] Vhbh, >khbh...\ [x6H'ia-a] c Ka-aK?I\ Ho, KpoMe aToro, HaH6oAee 
DAH3Koro k HCxo4HOMy, npoH3HouieHHH, cyujecTByeT euje h BTopoe npoH3- 
HouieHHe 9thx >Ke caob, npe4CTaBAHK)H|ee 4aAbHeftmee BH40H3MeHeHHe 
nepBoro: [aH9M ; e], [6aAjiMe], [xcm'e], npn kotopom 4H$TOHr MoHo<J>ToHrH- 
3HpyeTCfl 3a cqeT Hcie3HOBeHHH ero nepBoro KOMnoHeHTa, ot KOToporo 
coxpaHneTCH AHuib naAaTaAH3aijHH npe4iuecTByioigero corAacHoro h npo- 
4BH>KeHHe apTHKyAKijHH coxpaHHioijgerocfl BToporo KOMnoHeHTa Bnepe4 40 
npeBpaujeHHH ero b rAacHbifi nepe4Hero pH4a. 06pa3OBaHHUH TaKHM nyTeM 

TAaCHblH 3ByK [§] MO>KeT 6bITb 0XapaKTepH30BaH KaK 40ArHH HeAa6HaAH3o- 

BaHHbifi rAacHbiH nepe4Hero pH4a, cpe4Hero, npH6AH>KaioiijerocH k hhjk- 
HeMy, no4*beMa. OTAHHHTeAbHoa qepTofi aToro 3ByKa hbahctch to, uto oh 
ocTaeTCH BCer4a HeHTpaAbHbiM no othouichhio k pa34eAeHHK> ocTaAbHbix 

TAaCHblX Ha 4Be cepHH, B CBH3H C ^eM 4efiCTBHe 3aK0Ha CHHrapMOHH3Ma 

TAacHWx Ha Hero He pacnpocTpaHHeTCH. 

To, *ITO 3TOT 3ByK noflBAfleTCH AHHIb npH Onpe4eAeHHOH HHTOHaUHH, HO 

4a>Ke h b 9tom cAy^ae BnoAHe mojkct 6biTb 3aMeHeH 6e3 KaKoro-An6o 
yinep6a 4AH CMbicAa 4H$T0HraMH [|§] hah [na], roBopHT o ero HeKOTopoft 

HeCaMOCTOHTeAbHOCTH H O HCB03M0>KH0CTH B CBH3H C 9THM noCTaBHTb ero 

b 04HH pH4 c nepenHCAeHHbiMH Bbiuie mecTbio 4oaphmh rAacHMMH tyone- 
MaMH. EcTeCTBeHHee Bcero c^HTaTb ero ottchkom yKa3aHHbix 4Byx 4H<J)- 
tohtob, ho OTTeHKOM He coBceM o6bi*moro Tnna. Oh xapaKTepH3yeTCH TeM, 
^to, CAy>na ottchkom 4Byx pa3AH*mbix (J)OHeM, b paBHOH Mepe cyujecTBeHHO 

OTAH^aeTCH OT HHX o6eHX B apTHKyAHIJHOHHOM OTHOUieHHH. Bo3MO>KHO, ^TO 
34eCb Mbl HMeeM 4GAO C 3ap04bIHieM HOBofi CaMOCTOHTeAbHOM (})OHeMbI . 

npHo6peTeT ah Kor4a-HH6y4b 3tot 3ByK Bee Heo6xo4HMbie npH3HaKH <po- 
HeMw — noKa^KeT 4aAbHeHiuee pa3BHTHe HaHaficKoro H3MKa. 

KaK mm yme oT^acTH BH4eAH Bbime, 40AroTa rAacHWx HMeeT He 04**- 
HaKOBwfi xapaKTep h He o4HHaKOBoe Ha3HaqeHHe. BHa^aAe 6mah paccMOT- 
peHw CAy^an, npn KOTopwx 40AroTa rAacHbix HMeeT nocTOHHHbifi, <|)OHeMa- 
THneCKHH xapaKTep h npe4CTaBAaeT co6ofi npHMepHO 4bohhoc yBeAH^eHHe 
KOAH^ecTBa rAacHoro 3ByKa. Ho, KpoMe aToro, 40AroTa rAacHoro mojkct 
HMeTb h He (poHeMaTHqecKHH, a ^hcto HHTOHaijHOHHbiH xapaKTep. IlpneM 

H3MeHeHHH KOAHqeCTBeHHOH CTOpOHM TAaCHblX B U,eAHX HHTOHaiJHOHHOrO 
Bbipa^eHHH Tex HAH HHWX OTTeHKOB 3HaqeHHH CAOB HCnOAb3yeTCH B Ha- 

HaHCKOM H3biKe BecbMa uinpoKO. HHTOHai|HOHHaH 40AroTa He HMeeT onpe- 
4eAeHHofi Mepw otah^hh ot KpaTKOcTH rAacHoro. OGwnHO OHa koahmcct- 
BeHHo npeBbimaeT (j)OHeMaTHqecKyio 40AroTy, h cTeneHb yBeAHqeHHH koah- 
qecTBeHHofi CTOpoHbi rAacHoro oKa3HBaeTCH npHMo nponopijHOHaAbHofi 
cTeneHH ycHAeHHH hah no4qepKHBaHHK 3HaqeHHH CAOBa. TaK, HanpHMep : 
[oaAaHa] Usbho, paHbiue', [6a-aAaHa] f 4aBHO y>Ke', [6a-a-aAaHa] ^bhhm 
4aBHo'; [ap4a] T paHo', [ap4a-a] ( oqeHb paHo', [ap4a-a-a] \yrb cbct'; [to Tan] 
boh tot 1 , [to-o Taji] 'boh tot (4aAeKHH)', [to-o~o t8h] ? boh tot (euje 6oAee 



OIIHCAHHE 3BYKOB 2 5 



4aAeKHfl)' h t. n. Kan npaBHAO, HHTOHaynoHHaH 40AroTa CBH3aHa c 04H0- 
BpeMeHHWM 6oAee hah MeHee 3HaMHTeAbHWM noBbimeHHeM TOHa roAoca h 
nocTeneHHbiM nepe4BH>KeHHeM Bcero TeAa «3WKa Ha3a4- 

/[fHpTOHrH 

HaHafiCKHH H3bIK XapaKTepH3yeTCH OTHOCHTeAbHbIM 6oraTCTBOM 4H(J)TOH- 

tob, KaK b cMwcAe hx pa3HOo6pa3HH, Tan h b CMbiCAe ^acTOTH ynoTpe6- 

AeHHH B pe^H. B 8TOM OTHOUieHHH OH yCTynaeT H3 p04CTBeHHWX H3MKOB 

TOAbKo y49HCKOMy, KOTopbiH 6Aaro4apa HaAHqHK) npepbiBHbix h npH4bixa- 
TeAbHwx rAacHbix HMeeT 6oAbinee pa3Hoo6pa3He 4H(pTOHroB. 1 H3 TyHryco- 

MaHbH>KypCKHX H3WKOB, KpOMe y4a8CKOrO H HaHafiCKOrO, 4H<J)TOHrH HMeeT 
TaKiKe COAOHCKHH H3bIK, HO B COAOHCKOM HX 3HaHHTeAbHO MeHbllie H OHH 

noHTH Bee cbo4htch k 04HOMy THny c KOHe*iHbiM KOMnoHeHTOM [h]. B03- 

MO>KHO, ^TO 4H$TOHrH HMCAHCb H B MaHbM>KypCKOM H3bIKC 2 ^HCpTOHrH 
THna HaHaHCKHX, XOTH H B MeHbUieM KOAH^eCTBe, HMdOTCH B OpO^CKOM 
«3bIKe. B yAbMCKOM H3MKe HMdOTCH TaKHe >Ke 4H$TOHrH, KaK H B HaHafi- 

ckom, ho b pe^H ohh BCTpe^aioTCH pe>Ke. B ocTaAbHbix TyHryco-MaHbH^Kyp- 

CKHX H3bIKaX 4H(J)TOHrH HCCAe40BaTeAflMH OTMe^eHbl He 6bIAH. B KOAHHe- 
CTBeHHOM OTHOUieHHH 4H$TOHrH paBHbl 40ArHM TAaCHblM, TO eCTb HpOH3" 
HOCHTCfl C 4AHTeAbHOCTbH), npn6AH3HTeAbHO paBHOfi 4ByM KpaTKHM TAaCHblM. 

B HaHaficKOM ji3biKe HMeiOTCH CAe4yK)igHe 4H(})TOHrH: [hs], [hj], [ia], 

jo] (c BapnaHTOM [iy]), [an], [ay], [aj] (c BapnaHTOM [aji]), [ap] (c BapnaHTOM 

a^])» [^h]j [g]» [oi] (c BapnaHTOM [oh]), [oa], 06ujee hhcao hx, He CHHTan 

BapnaHTOB, — 4BeHa4ijaTb. HeTpy4H0 3aMeTHTb, *ito KOMnoHeHTaMH o4Horo 

4H(J)TOHra MOryT 6bITb 3ByKH, OTHOCHLUHeCH K 04HOfi CepHH. McKAlO^eHHH 
B03M0>KHM AHIHb B BapHaHTax. 9tO UCAHKOM 3aBHCHT OT 3aKOHa CHHrapMO" 

HH3Ma rAaCHbix, o kotopom peub 6y4eT h4th HH>Ke. IlpHBo^y npHMepw 

CAOB C 4Hlf>TOHraMH. 

^HijrroHr [na]: [HHaqa 11 ] r nTHija\ [^HaijKy] \40cKa 4AH qnCTKH pbi6bi', 
[xycnaKy] r y?ior\ [h'h9ph] c Bbixo4HT\ [jyAHa] t nepe4HHH 5 , [aqna] — npnrAa- 
roAbHoe oTpHijaTeAbHoe cAOBo-qacTHija. 

^HipTOHr [hj]: [qHjH'qHKn] f KyAHK\ [6Hypn] r >KHTb', [yAnnypn] ? uiHTb\ 
[yAnHj]<[yAnHpy] f uiefi', [cnyp] 'mhmo\ [rnj] ( KOcyAfl\ w 

<4H<f)TOHr [ia]: [riaca] c H3ropo4b'> [kkikco] f Me4% [cyiTa] r caxap\ [aifriaAa] 
cnpaBa', [BaAiaxa] 6e4a\ [ciapn] r ecT\ [xaA^apn] r 3anpnraeT\ [6ia] f AyHa, 
Mecny', [jia] ^TOBapHHj', [ciA^a] c TapeAKa\ 

^HifTOHr [\g\: [Mioqa 11 ] 'py>Kbe', [kiokto] r iUHnoBHHK\ [riOKca] ? HepnaY 
[n^OKiaAaji] c cbhctht\ [c^o] ^aiua', [jaKq^o] c 3ae340K (pbi6oAOBHbiH)', [hoa] 
f BecAo rpe6Hoe', [iA^oJ = [iAiy] <C [JAipy] f BCTaHb\ 

<4H(pTOHr [bh]: [ajiH^a] > ce^o4HH^ [nanja] *KHpnHq\ [najiHa H ] 'koacho 1 , 
[68hhh] ( no4Kpa4MBaeTCfl', [an] f aTOT ? , [t3h] 'tot', [aHaji] ? H4eT\ 

4H$TOHr [ay]: [aycn] ? cK)4a^ [caypa] f uieAK', [jajifrHa] 'AeBbia', [xay- 
MHAa] r pe6po', [Tayqw] f rpy3HT', [cbjah] r npaBHT kopmobwm bccaom', [rn- 
cypgy] <C [rncypapy] r paccKa>KH'. 

<4H(})TOHr [aij: [ajcH a ] 'soaoto', [6ajTa] ( 4eAo', [caJHa] ^aBepHoe', [Baj- 
qan] c oxothtch', [xaji] Vro', [qiMan] f yTpo\ ^ 



1 E. P. Ill h e m 4 e p. KpaTKHH yA8HCKo-pyccKHH CAOBapb c npHAoateHHeiw rpaMMaTH- 
necKoro onepKa. YMne4rH3, 1936, CTp. 83 t 8b. 

2 Cm.: H, 3 a x a p o b. TpaMMaTHKa MaHbq^iypcKoro H3biKa. C116., 1879, CTp. 52, 
54, 59; B. BacHAheB. MaHbM^ypcKo-pyccKHH CAOBapb. CI16., 1866, Ilpe4HCA0BHe^ 
P. G. Mollendorff. A Manchu Grammar. Shanghai, 1892, CTp. 3. 



26 *OHETHHECKOE BBE4EHHE 



AmpTour [ao]: [ap4a a ] c Ayr', [aopH] 'cnHT', [uapxa] 'apMHft'i Uaoco 11 ] 
( coAb', [Kaojapaopn] f ocTaHaBAHBaTbCH', [nap] 'nyuiKa*, [xoAao] = [xoAay] <C 
[xoAapy] **iviTa.fi\ ^ 

^HCpTOHr [^hJ: [vhkb] Usepb', [jhch] ? BBepx\ [ijyHpa] *nAe*io\ [nyn- 

ryHHry] ( uiecTb4ecHT', [tjthhkvh] 'iueBeAHTCH', [naryH] ^ih>khhh', [yn] c kto\ 

""^HtpTOHr [^a]: [icyaraj ( Ky3HeqHwe Mexa', [MyaAy] t Be4po', [xvbkcb] 

c pyKaB', [jy^^Hj r o6MeHHBaeT', [xy948h] c TepneT\ [6ya] 'mm', [j»Hya] 'BeceAo', 

[rys] r 3HMa . 

<4H(pTOHr [oj]: [oJAa] ? Ha noBepxHOCTH', [6oiko] f UBeT\ [TOJHra] f nHTb\ 
[coipaKTa] ( 6ycw\ [ron] Upyrott', [hoatoh] 'xopeK', [jo6oh] c pa6oTaeT\ 

^HtpTOHr [qa]: [6oaqa H ] 'octpob\ [joaATa] f 4eica4a\ [h oaH h] 'oh, oHa', 
fnoaA4oaH , H] c HHor4a', [60a] f MecTHocTb', c He6o', 'noro4a\ [50a] c AeTo\ [ro§p] 
'paccwnancb b pa3Hbie ctopohw". 

^HCpTOHrH MoryT 6t>iTb b ak)6om cAore cAOBa, ho He Bee 4H(J)TOHrH 
MoryT cTOHTb b Ha*iaAe cAora, a Teiw ca\ibiM h b HaiaAe CAOsa. B HaqaAe 
cAora He 6biBaiOT 4H(f>TOHrH c nepBWMH KOMnoHeHTaMH [h], [i] ([wa]> [^y]» 
[ia], [\o]), a TaK>Ke 4H<J>TOHrH [yaj h [oa]. Bee 8th uiecTb 4H(|)TOHroB 6w- 
BaioT TOAbKO b CAorax c Ha^aAbHbiMH corAacHMMH. Ecah Kor4a-AH6o TaKHe 
4H(J)TOHrH h nona4aAH b HanaAo CAora, to hx nepBwe KOMnoHeHTW, no- 
BH4HMOMy, npeBpaigaAHCb b 6ah3khc hm no apTHKyAHijHH corAacHwe [j] h 
Jb]. OcTaAbHbie mecTb AvttproiivoB MoryT HaiHHaTb CAorn h o6pa30BMBaTb 
cAorn 6e3 corAacHwx. OicaHHHBaTb cAorn MoryT Bee 4H(|)TOHrH, noaTOMy 

Ka>K4blft H3 HHX MO*KCT CTOHTb H B KOHlje CAOBa. 

B HeKOHe^Hwx CAorax 4H(J)TOHrH HaHancKoro H3bnea HMeiOT xapaKTep 

HCTHHHblX 4H({)TOHrOB, TO eCTb HMeiOT 04HHdKOByiO HanpHJKeHHOCTb 060HX 

cbohx KOMnoHeHToB, B KOHe^Hbix CAorax 4H<J>TOHrH HMeiOT xapaKTep AO>K- 

HblX, C He04HHaK0B0H HaiIpH>KeHHOCTbK) COCTaBAHIOUJHX HX KOMIIOHeHTOB, 
npH^eM BCTpe^aiOTCH KaK BOCX04HLUHC, TaK H HHCX04HIIJHe 4H(}>TOHrH. 

HocoBwe 4H(pTOHrH (o HocoBbix rAacHwx cm. HH>Ke, CTp. 29) Bcer4a 

Bocxo4HigHe. ripHMepw: [aMoa 11 ] *o3epo\ [cwy 11 ] 'coAR^e', [4yH H ] c MeTbipe', 

[cari H ] ^oTMeTKa 1 , f 3Haic\ [43J R ] 'npoTOKa', [6ay H ] 'mccto', [xoaifroa 11 ] ( orypeu\ 

B hhctwx (He hocobwx) 4H(pT0Hrax KOMnoHeHTW [h], [i] Bcer4a MeHee 

Hanpn>KeHbi no cpaBHeHHio c hx 4pyrHMH KOMnoHeHTaMH. B cba3h c sthm 

4H(})TOHrH [hs], [hj]» [ia], [io] Bcer4a Bocxo4HiijHe. ripHMepw: [jyAHa] f nepe4" 

hhM', [aqHa] — npnrAaroAbHoe oTpwijaTeAbHoe cAOBo- t ^acTH^a, [rny] 'kocvah', 

CHyp] mhmo 1 , [ripij] c Aec\ [aKia] 'naGapra', [jia] 'TOBapHiij', [aAio] t nocy4a\ 

r^oA] f BecAo (rpeGHoe)', [nio] f 6MAeT, 40KyMeHT\ Hao6opoT, 4H(pT0HrH [aji], 

ai], [jh]> [oj] noHTH Bcer4a hhcxcmhujhc FIpHMepbi: [ron] r 4pyrofi', [Ka*i6H : 

^oxoTHH^bH KypTKa', [^oAqoH] ( xopeK : , [6aH] f HanpacHo, npoCTo, 4apoM', [HaH 

^eAOBeic 1 (ho [Han] r 4peBKo ocTporH 1 ), [am] : 6oAbiuoH° (ho [4ari] VpyGKa')) 1 

[niMaH] c yTpo', [^h] 'stot', [tbh] *tot', [bh^h] e H4eT', [gj] c kto', [t£h] VaK', 

(J ocTaAbHMMH 4H(J>TOHraMH ([ap], [ay], [oa], [ya]) 4eAo o6ctoht cAO^Hee. 
Ohm b KOHeqHbix CAorax 6biBaK>T h hhcxo4Hujhmh, h bocxo4Hiijhmh. ripH- 
Mepw: [xao] coKpaujeHHbift BapwaHT BonpocHTeAbHoro Hape^HH MecTa [xapen] 
Ky4a', [Aao] 'tcmho', c TiopbMa', [n4p] f nyuiKa', [roap] ^pacewnaneb b pa3Hwe 

CTOpOHbl\ [6^9] < MbI^ [4^9] *KOHeu\ [jyap] ^Ba', [ 9M ^1 ^AIOAbKa' h b to »e 

BpeMn: [60a] r MecTHocTb', ( He6o', c noro4a', [joa] c acto', [c3Ja] 'bccao (kopmo- 
Boe) 1 , [ca6] f CHr', [xyaA] ( uepe3\ Ctpothx pasrpaHnqHTeAbHbix ahhhS 34ecb 



1 ripHMHHbl HapyUieHHH STOM HOpMbI CAOBaMH THIia [Haw] 'ApeBKO OCTporH H 

f^aii] 'Tpy6Ka' pa3-bHCH«iOTCa Hn)Ke, Ha cAe4. ctp. 



OriHCAHHE 3BYKOB 27 



upoBecTH He y4aeTCH. Mo>kho AHiiib cKa3aTb, hto 4H(J>TOHrH [ap], [ya] waine 

6bIBaFOT HHCX04HUJHMH, a 4H(J>TOHrH [ojl], [ay] B0CX04HUJHMH. 

MHorne 4H<}>TOHrH, Tan me KaK h 40ArHe rAacHbie, npe4CTaBAHK)T C0608 
pe3yAbTaT Bbina4eHHH corAacHoro Me>K4y 4ByMH rAacHWMH. BwnaAeHHe 

COrAaCHOrO MOK4y 4ByMH 04HHaKOBbIMH TAaCHblMH npHB04HT K 06pa30BaHHK> 

40Aroro rAacHoro, a Bbina4eHne corAacHoro Me>K4y 4ByMH pa3HWMH rAac- 
hwmh — k o6pasoBaHHK) 4H<j>T0Hra. TaK o6pa30BaACH, HanpHMep, 4H<pTOHr 
b (popMe 6e3AH^Horo npn^acTHH [6Hypn] ( >KHTb' ([6h + By + pn]), b (J)opMe 
noBeAHTeAbHoro HaKAoHeHHH rAaroAa 4ah 2-ro AHija mho>kcctb. HHCAa 
ot toto >Ke kophh [6nycy] f >KHBHTe' ([6h + py + cy]); TaK Kor4a-To o6pa30Ba- 
AOCb caobo [nanon] f BHM3' ot ochobw [narn-] ([narH + cn)], KOTopyio mm 
Haxo4HM b o4HOKopeHHOM Hape^HH [narnAa] ([narn + Aa)] r BHH3y\ MHorne 

CAyMaH paSfcHCHHIOTCH H3 CpaBHeHHH C p04CTBeHHWMH H3bIKaMH. FtpHBO>Ky 

HeKOTopwe H3 MoryujHx HHTepecoBaTb Hac cootbctctbhh: HaH. [6oa] f MecT- 
TiocTb' // aseHK. dyza; HaH. [6ia] *AyHa' // aBemc. 6eza\ HaH. [avb] c KOHej$' // 
9BeHK. Ayza !! 4yB9 f BepuiHHa, ocTpne' // MaHbH>K. Ay6a t KOHe^ , ; HaH. [joa] 
r AeTo' // 9BeHK. Aiota // Afoea // Mam>q>K. nmyeapw, HaH. [joa H ] ^ecHTb' // MaHbH>K. 
MjKyeaHb; HaH. [jyaqn] f o6MeHHBaeT' // 3bchk. AKH3A3MU f o6MeHHTb'; HaH. 
[j£9p] c 4Ba' //' MaHbq^. nmyea; HaH. [m^s] r B04a' // MaHbH>K. Myrcs (to >Ke 
BcanaMH-aAHHCKOM roBope HaHaScKoro H3biKa); HaH. [h'ojih'h] oh, oHa' // 8bchk. 
Hynzan; HaH. [cny 11 ] 'coAi^e* // bbchk. cuzyn; HaH. [cya] r Bbi' // MaHbq>K. eyes; 
HaH. [t^s] f 3HMa' // 9BeHK. myis jj MaHbq>K. myeapu; HaH. [Tyn] r TaK' // sbchk. 
myiu. 

B HeKOTOpblX CAy^aHX BTOpbie KOMnOHCHTW 4H({)TOHrOB 06pa30BbIBaAHCb 

H3 ry6Hbix corAacHbix, ctohbuihx nepe4 4pyrHMH corAacHWMH, hah h3 otkpw- 
thx CAoroB, o neM CBH4eTeAbCTByK>T CAe4yioujHe cootbctctbhh: HaH. [4appH] 
^nepees^KaeT' // aBemc. ao.b\u ( nepeexaTb'; Haii. fayen] t CK)4a 1 // MaHbH>K. a6cu .// 

3BCHK. 38aCKU;HBH. [x^y^HAS] C pe6po' /./ MaHbH^K. s6hU jj 3BCHK. 98mblA.9; HaH. 

fxapa] f AerKoe (opraH)', /./ aBeHK. asma; HaH. [jay*frHa] 'AeBwft' // aBeHK. 
jtezuHHiy. 04HaKo TaKOMy pa3T>HCHeHHK> no44aioTCfl 4aAeno He Bee 4H(J)T0HrH. 
B 6oAbiiiHHCTBe CAyqaeB hx npoHCxo>K4eHHe ocTaeTCH HeBbiHCHeHHMM. 1 

Bo3MO>KHO, MTO 06 OTHOCHTCAbHOH M0A040CTH CBH4CTeAbCTByeT H BOC" 

xo4hujhI! xapaKTep HeKOTopbix KOHeqHwx 4H(J)TOHroB. BepoHTHee Bcero, TaKHe 
4H(pTOHrH npe4CTaBAHAH co6oii b He4aAeK0M npoiiiAOM co^eTaHHe 4Byx pa3- 
hwx rAacHbix h corAacHoro Me>K4y hhmh c y4apeHHeM Ha btopom rAacHOM. 
^H(pTOHrHHecKHH xapaKTep no4o6Horo coqeTaHHH 4Byx rAacHbix h ceKnac 
He BnoAHe oqeBH4eH. He HCKAioqeHa B03Mo>KHocTb, ^to mh 40 chx nop 
HMeeM 34ecb 4eAo He c bocxo4«ujhmh 4H(})T0HraMH, a c coneTaHHeM rAac- 
Hbix, pa34eAeHHwx ocAa6AeHHbiM 40 MHHHMyiwa corAacHMM, HanpHMep: [4yJH H ] 
'qeTbipe\ [cHTy H ] f coAHije' f [6oTa| r MecTHocTb\ [goBa 11 ] ^ecHTb', [caByA] 
f BecAO (KopMOBoe)', [4ajw] f Tpy6Ka', fHajn] f 4peBKO ocTporn' h t. 4. 

B coBpeMeHHOM HaHaacKOM H3WKe, HapH4y c npoijeccoM o6pa30BaHHH 
HOBbix 4H(f)TOHroB b pe3yAbTaTe Bbina4eHHH corAacHwx Me>K4y 4ByMH pa3HWMH 

TAaCHblMH, H4eT TaK>Ke npOTHBOnOAO>KHbIH npOIjeCC MOHO(f>TOHrH3a|,JHH 

HeKOTopwx 4H<J)TOHroB, oco6eHHo b KoHeHHbix CAorax h ^aiije Bcero 

B OTHOHieHHH „MOA04bIx" 4H(J)TOHrOB. IlpH MOHOCpTOHrHSaiJHH COXpaHHeTCH 
BTOpOH KOMnOHeHT 4H$TOHra, H 06pa30BaBliIHHCH TaKHM o6pa30M npocTofl 
TAaCHMH o6b!MHO OCTaeTCH B KOAH^eCTBeHHOM OTHOHieHHH paBHbIM 4H(pTOHry, 

1 TaKoro po4a ah^tohth B. H. LJHH^Hyc Ha3biBaeT „nepBH«iHWMH"» b otahmhc 

OT „BTOpHHHblx", np0HCX0»i4eHHe KOTOpHX AeTKO pa31>«CH>ieTCH. Cm.: CpaBHHTeAbHaH 
<})OHeTHKa. . ., CTp. 95. 



28 OOHETH4ECKOE BBE4EHHE 



to ecTb coxpaHneT 40AroTy. 06ujeHapo4Hoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe noAyqHAw 
napHHe BapnaHTbi CAe4yi0HjHx caob: [HiMaj^] = [qiMi] f yTpo\ [cocan] = [coci] 
f nnTb4ecHT\ [cancan] = [caKCi] 'copoKa', [tbh] = [th] 'tot', [HaH]=JHH] c qeAO- 
bck', [hoahoh] = [^oato] ( xopeK'. CoBepineHHo yTpaTHAH 4H(}>TOHrH i iecKHH\ 
xapaKTep KOHe^Hbie rAacHbie caob: [6opTii] ^coBceiw 7 (paHee [6opTan]) h 
[6iA4w] — Ha3BaHHe o4Horo H3 KpynHefiuiHx HaHaHcKHX P040B (paHee — 
[6iA4aw]). B Ka^ecTBe 4naAeKTH3MOB, noAb3yioLgHXCH uinpoKHM pacnpocTpaHe- 

HHeM, B MaCTHOCTH B HaSXHHCKOM TOBOpe, HapH4y C nOAHMMH (})OpMaMH 

npH^acTHM h rAaroAOB, hmckmijhmh 4H(pT0HrH, ynoTpe6AHK»TCH coKpaujeHHwe 
$opMw c MOHO(J)TOHrH3HpoBaHHbiMH 4H<{)TOHraMH, HanpHMep: [xoAan] = [xoah] 
'qHTaioujHit', [49r4BH] = [49r4w] 'AeTHujHif, [xoAapy] — [xoAap] = [xoao] 

'MHTafi', [9H9py] = [9H3yJ = [&ny] C H4H', [8H8HM8HH / H] = [9HHqHH / H] C XOMeTH4TH\ 

Hanje Bcero MOHo<}>TOHrH3HpyK)TCH 4H<J)TOHrH [aj] h [3h]> pease moho^toh- 

TH3HpyiOTCH 4H<J)TOHrH [ap] H [ay]. OcTaAbHbie 4H(J)TOHrH He MOHOCpTOH- 
TH3HpyK)TCH. 

HapH4y C IIOCTOHHHblMH 4H(J)T0HraMH, HBAHIOIIJHMHCH CaMOCTOflTeAbHMMH 

cpoHeMaMH, npneM 4H(})T0HrH3auHH KOHeMHbix rAacHbix HcnoAb3yeTCH b HaHaft- 

CKOM H3bIKe KSK O4HO H3 HHTOHajJHOHHblX Cpe4CTB. BcnOMHHM, MTO B 9THX *Ke 

ueAnx HcnoAb3yeTCH npneM yBeAH^eHHH KoAH^ecTBeHHoM ctopohw rAacHbix. 
Pa3HHija Me>K4y sthmh 4syMH npneMaMH no cyTH 4CAa cbo4htch k TOMy, 

4T0 nepBblfi (4H(J)T0HrH3aiJHfl) npHMCHHM TOAbKO K KOHeMHbIM TAaCHblM, TOr4a 
KaK BTOpofi (yCHACHHe 40ArOTbl) MO>KeT6bITb npHMeHCH He TOAbKO K KOHe^Hbll^ 
HO H K Cpe4HHHbIM TAaCHblM. Bo BCeM #<e OCTaAbHOM, HeCMOTpH Ha BHeiHHe 
pa3AH^Hbie pe3yAbTaTW, 3TH 4Ba npHCMa 0Ka3bIBaK)TCfl 04HOp04HblMH. 

<4cAO B TOM, *!TO HeKOTOpbie THnbl HHTOHaUHH, KaK yJKe ynOMHHaAOCb 
BblUie, Tpe6yK)T 3HaHHTCAbHOrO yBCAHMCHHH 4AHTeAbHOCTH KOHeHHWX rAac- 
Hbix, a HHor4a 04HOBpeMeHHo h nocTeneHHoro H3MeHeHH« hx apTHKyAHUHH. 
Hy>KHo CKa3aTb, hto Bonpoc o THnax h npHeiwax HHTOHaijHH b HaHafiCKOM 
H3biKe ocTaeTCH coBepmeHHO He H3yneHHbiM. FIoaTOMy ycTaHOBHTb KaKne-AH6o 
3aKOHOMepHocTH hah npaBHAa b 8tom oTHomeHHH noKa He y4aeTca. Mo*kho 

AHIIlb Ha OCHOBaHHH nonyTHblX Ha6AK)4eHHfi OTMeTHTb, HTO HeKOTOpbie THnbl 

ycHAHTeAbHoii HHTOHaijHH Tpe6yK)T 3aBepuieHHH CAOBa rAacHWM cpe4Hero 
p«4a ([a] hah [a]), a 4pyrne THnbi ycHAHTeAbHoii HHTOHauHH Tpe6yiOT 3aBepme- 
hhji CAOBa rAacHbiM 3a4Hero pH4a ([0] hah [y]). KpoMe Toro, b o6ohx CAyqanx 
Tpe6yeTCH 3Ha*JHTeAbHoe, Bbixo4HUjee 3a (poHeMaTHMecKne npe4eAbi, yBeAH^e- 
HHe 40AroTbi rAacHoro h noBwmeHHe TOHa c nocTeneHHbiM nepe4BH>KeHHeM 
H3biKa Ha3a4. 

Ecah Hy>KHoe caobo oKaHHHBaeTCH Ha rAacHbiS cpe4Hero pH4a, to npn 

nepBOH H3 OTMCMeHHblX BMIHe HHTOHaUHft ero KOHe^IHblH TAaCHblii He H3MeHHT 
CBOefi apTHKyAHUHH, OH AHUIb npno6peTeT yAbTpa40ArOTy H nOBblCHTCfl B TOHC 

To >Ke caMoe npoH3ofi4eT, ecAH BTopan HHTOHanHH kochctch CAOBa c KOHeq- 

HblMH TAaCHblMH 3a4HerO p^4a. Ho eCAH Tpe60BaHHiI HHTOHagHH B OTHOHieHHH 

p«4a KOHdiHoro rAacHoro He coBna4yT c (paKTH^ecKHM noAO>KeHHeM 4eAa 
b caobc to ecTb, ecAH HHTOHaiiHH Tpe6yeT 3aBepmeHHH CAOBa rAacHbiM 
3a4Hero pn4a, a caobo OKaH^HBaeTCH Ha rAacHbiM nepe4Hero hah cpe4Hero 
p^4a, Tor4a 4eAo He orpaHH^HBaeTcn yBeAHMeHHeM KOAHqecTBeHHofi ctopohw 
rAacHoro h noBbimeHHeM TOHa, a 40X04HT 40 nocTeneHHoro (cKOAb3Hiijero) 
H3MeHeHHH apTHKyAHUHH rAacHoro. TaKHM nyTeM Ha MecTe npoCToro rAacHoro 

06pa3yeTCH 4H(})TOHr, nepBbIM KOMnOHeHTOM KOTOpOrO HBAHeTCH KOHe^Hblft 

rAacHbiS CAOBa, a btopmm — 3bvk, Tpe6yeMbifi cooTBeTCTByfoiijefi HHTOHa^Hefi, 
HanpHMep: [9h9mm] c h4h', ho [aH9MHa-a] Smh, H4H. . .'; [xoh'h] KaK?\ 
ho [xoH'la-at c Ka-aK?!'; [ror4a] 'bwcokhh', ho [ror4ap-o] 'BbicoqeHKbia'; 
UapaMn] 'uiHpoKHft', ho [4apaMio-o] ^ UJHpoqeHHbIfi , ; [4^] ( 6oAbiHOH°, ho [4^0-0! 



OnHCAHHE 3ByKOB 29 



^oAbinyijgHa 1 ; [carpi] c CTapirf, ho [carj^o-o] 'cTapbifi-npecTapbifi'; 1 [hh'h] 
*4eHb, 4hcm', ho [nH'Hy-y] c b caMbifi pa3rap 4hh, Kor4a 4em> y>Ke 4aBHo 

HaCTynHA' (cp.: [4OA60] ^HOMb, HOHbK)\ HO [4OA66-0] VAy6oKOM HO^bK), 
O^eHb n034HO HOHbK)'). 

Mo>KeT 6bITb 3TH 4o6aBO , IHbie TAaCHbie Iipe4CTaBAHK)T CO60H OCTaTKH 

KaKHx-TO cynjecTBOBaBUiHx paHee cy<J)<|)HKCoB, HCnoAb3oBaBiHHxcn 4AH o6o3Ha- 
qeHHH noBbiiueHHofi cTeneHH npH3HaKa hah 4AH ycHAHTeAbHoro no4uepKHBa- 
hhh 3HaneHHH cAOBa, ho b coBpeMeHHOM H3biKe ohh y>Ke He HMeioT xapaKTepa 
Mop$eM h cuHTaTbCH cy(f)(J)HKcaMH He MoryT, h6o He co4ep>KaT b ce6e co6- 

CTBeHHO rpaMMaTH^eCKOrO 3Ha*ieHHH. 3,4eCb MO>KHO rOBOpHTb AHHIb 06 oco- 
6bIX npHeMaX 4H(f>TOHrH3aiJHH HAH yBeAH^eHHfl 40AT0TbI rAaCHblX, HCnOAb- 
3yeMMX B *!HCTO HHTOHayHOHHWX IjeAflX. 

KpoMe BecbMa pacnpocTpaHeHHbix h pa3Hoo6pa3Hbix 4H(pTOHroB, b HaHafi- 
ckhx CAOBax BCTpenaioTCH rAacHbie 3ByKH, HanoMHHaioujHe euje 04HH BH4 
•CAOiKHbix rAacHbix — TpH(J)TOHrH, 2 HanpHMep: [roao H ] ( uiecT 4AH ao4kh', 

[H r iao H ] ( AacKOBbiii, MHrKHti (roAoc)', [4aio-o] *6o AbmyujHM', [ocioaipciH'H] 

f co34aA (oh)', [ciaopn] ( ecTb, nHTaTbCfl', [h'hotph] f Bbixo4HTb\ FlyTb o6pa3o- 

BaHHH TaKHx TpH$TOHroB Bcer4a coBepnieHHo oqeBH4eH: ohh — pe3yAbTaT 
Bbina4eHHH corAacHbix Me>K4y rAacHMMH, nepexo4a corAacHoro b rAacHbiS 
hah >Ke HHTOHaijHOHHoft 4H<|>TOHrH3auHH. TaK, caobo [roao H ] HMeeT 40 chx nop 

BTopoft 6oAee 4peBHHft BapnaHT npoH3HomeHHj? [roaBy 11 ], b kotopom [~By H ] 
(4pyro8 BapnaHT — [ny 11 ]) — oMepTBeBiuHft CAOBOo6pa30BaTeAbHbiS cytptjmKC; 
caobo [H'iao 11 ] TaK>Ke HMeeT BTopoii BapnaHT [h'ujbo 11 ]; caobo [4aio-o] HMeeT 

HHTOHayHOHHyio 4H(f)TOHrH3aijHK); caobo [ocioaHjKm'H] — cpOHeTHqecicaa M04H- 

<{)HKayHH o6biqHOH (popMW no6y4HTeAbHoro 3aAora ot rAaroAbHofl ochobh 

[oCH-J C 4eAaTbCH, CTaHOBHTbCn' [ociBaffKiH'n] f 3aCTaBHA CTaTb' (3aAOrOBbIH 

cy(j)({)HKc [-BaH]); caobei [ciaopn] h [H'naypH] — (popMbi 6e3AH<iHbix npnqacTHH 
c cycfxpHKCOM [[-bo] / [-By], y KOToporo Me>K4y rAacHMMH BbirraA corAac- 

HblH [b], 

Bonpoc o tom, npno6peAH y>Ke TpH(f)TOHrn Heo6xo4HMwe npn3HaKH 

CaMOCTOHTeAbHblX (J)OHeM B HaHaHCKOM H3bIKe HAH OHH np040A>KaK)T 

ocTaBaTbCH (J)OHeTHuecKHMH BapnaHTaMH coneTaHHii rAacHbix c pe4yijHpoBaH- 
hmmh corAacHbiMH, — Tpe6yeT 4onoAHHTeAbHoro H3yqeHHfl. Bo bchkom cAy<iae 

-C^HTaTb HX nOAHOCTbK) CaMOCTOHTeAbHblMH HeT OCHOBaHHH. 

HocoBbie TAacHbie 

TAaCHbie CpOHeMbI HaHaSCKOrO H3bIKa MOryT 6bITb HHCTMMH H HOCOBblMH. 
ripOTHBOnOAO>KeHHe HHCTMX H HOCOBblX TAaCHMX HMeeT (pOHeMaTH^eCKHH 

xapaKTep. 3 06 btom cBH4eTeAbCTByeT xoth 6m to, mto oho cnoco6HO b pH4e 



1 Hauje Bcero TaKoe ycHAeHHe 3HaneHHH caob KanecTBCHHOH ceiwaHTHKH conpoeojK4aeTCH 
•otpopMAeHHeM hx cycJxpHKCoM yMeHbuiHTeAbHOH (popMM [-Ka D ] / [-K9 H ], to ecTfa: [ror^aoKa H ] t 
*[4apaMioKa H J, [4aioKa H ], [cargioKa"] h t. n. 

2 MeAAeHAopcp OTMe^aeT HaAHHHe TpH^TOHroe b MaHbHiKypcKOM H3blKe (cm.: 
P. G. Mollendorff. A Manchu Grammar. Shanghai, 1892, cTp. 3). B apyrnx 
TyHryco-MaHbMHtypCKHX H3biKax ohh HCCAe40BaTeAHMH oTMeneHbi He 6wah. 

3 9T0 He OTHOCHTCH K TeM CAyqaHM, K0T4a TAaCHbie 3ByKH HeCKOAbKO Ha3aAH3yiOTCH 

b noAoiKeHHH nepe4 hocobhmk corAacHbiMH. B sthx CAynanx mm HMeeM 4eA0 AHiub 

-C K0M6HHaTOpHbIMH OTTeHKaMH TAaCHblX $OHeM, a He C CaMOCTOHTeAbHblMH <|>OHeMaMH. 

34ecb Hie peMb 6y4eT H4TH TOAbKo Tex rAacHbix, KOTopwe b coBpeMeHHOM HaHaficKOM 

H3HKC HMeiOT HOCOBOH XapaKTep He3aBHCHM0 OT (J)OHeTH<ieCKOrO OKpyjKeHHfl. 



30 



OOHE1H4ECKOE BBE4EHHE 



CAynaeB pa3AHqaTb cAOBa, b neM HeTpy4Ho y6e4MTbCH H3 cAe4yK)ujHx: 
conocTaBAeHHS: 



aja] < Aa4Ho' 
4apa] c ctoa' 
jyKa] f Ae4' 
3P49] c paHo' 
K8T9J '©GAbine' 
nopo] e TeTepeB' 

Ch] C Tbl' 

joa] f AeTo' 
Typn] e ropox' 
jia] r TOBapHUj' 

6h] f >KHBeT' 



aja 11 ] f *iepenaxa' 
4apa n ] ^hctok peKH' 
jyKa a c e4Ba-e4Ba' 
9p49j f cnoco6, npneM' 

K9T3 H ] 'KOpMa A04Kh' 

nopo H ] p BepuiHHa, MaKyuiKa' 
ch h ] f npopy6b' 
joa 11 ] r 4ecHTb' 

TypH H ] 'nAaTa aa Tpya' 
[ 5 ia H ] f co 4 a' 

[6h H ] ^KHSHb' 



HoCOBbie TAaCHbie CpOHeMM BCTpe^aiOTCH TOAbKO B 04HOfl no3H^H — 

b a6coAK)THOM KOHjje caob. 9to cBH3aHO c hx nponcxo>K4eHHeM. CpaBHe- 

HHe C p04CTBeHHbIMH H3MKaMH 4aeT B03M0>KH0CTb IIOHHTb npHp04y 3THX 

<J)OHeM. IlpHBo>Ky AHUib HeKOTopwe oTHocHiijHecH CK>4a cootbctctbhh: HaH* 
[moph h ] t A0ina4b' // MaHb^>K. MopuHb // SBeHK. Mypun; HaH. [xoto 11 ] c ropo4' // 
MaHb^^K. xomoHb; HaH. [Ha4a H ] f ceMb' // aBeHK. na^cm // MaHbH>K. Ha4aNb* y 
HaH. [4&pa H ] 'hctok peKH'// aBeHK. ABpsn\ HaH. [ap43- a ] ? cnoco6, npHeM' // 

MaHbH>K. apABHb. 

HoCOBbie TAaCHbie o6pa30BaAHCb H3 HHCTMX TAaCHblX KOHe^HOTO CAora 

b pe3yAbTaTe OTna4eHHH cAe40BaBiuero 3a hhmh nepe4HeH3biMHoro HOCoBoro 
corAacHoro [h], OTnaB, stot kohc^hwh corAacHbift HC^e3 He 6eccAe4HO. 
Oh ocTaBHA KaK 6m BocnoMHHaHHe o ce6e b BH4e HOCOBoro xapaKTepa 
npoH3HomeHHH rAacHoro 3ByKa, paHee npe4meCTBOBaBmero eMy h OKa3as- 
uierocH b pe3yAbTaTe ero 0Tna4eHHH kohcmhmm. 0Tna4eHne KOHe^Horo [h] 
h accHMHAHTHBHoe npeBpanjeHHe npe4mecTByioijgero rAacHoro b hocoboh 
HBAHeTCH 4ah HaHaftcKOro H3biKa peryAnpHott 3aKOHOMepHOCTbio, 6Aaro4apn 
neMy b 8tom H3biKe y*ne oTcyTCTByiOT CAOBa, oKaH^HBaioiijHecH Ha corAac- 
Hbifi [h], ecAH He CHHTaTb caob, 3aHMCTBOBaHHbix h3 pyccKoro H3MKa b no- 

CAe4HHe T04bl, 4a H TO B npOH3HOHieHHH AHUlb OT4eAbHbIX HaHan. 

TaKofi nyTb o6pa30BaHHH hocobwx rAacHbix y6e4HTeAbHO no4TBep>K4aeTC>i 
h MaTepwaAOM caMoro HaHaftcicoro H3biKa. B aio6om cAOBe, oicaHHHBaioiijeMCH 
Ha hocoboh rAacHbifi, npH ero H3MeHeHHH nyTeM HapaujeHHH cy(})(J)HKCOB 

KOHeHHHH HOCOBOH TAaCHblH CTaHOBHTCH HHCTMM, HO MOK4y HUM H Ha^aAb* 
HMM 3ByKOM cytfXfWKCa 06bI^H0 nOHBAHCTCH, KaK 6bl BOCCTaHaBAHBaHCb, 

corAacHbifi 3ByK [h]. HanpHMep: [xoto h ] Vopo4' (hm. na4.)> [xoToiuy] 
f B ropo4e' (4aT. na4.)» [xotoh'^h] ? b ropo4' (Hanp. na4.)> [xoTOHcy] r Baui 
ropo4'; [yAa 11 ] 'xopouinft', [yAaH^n] 'xopoiuo'; [aMy a ] ( o4hh', [ainyH^HMa] 
04HH H3. . .' h t. n. IlpaB4a, npHcoe4HHeHHe HeKOTopbix cy(|><J>HKCOB, npe- 
BpaujaH HocoBbie rAacHbie b whctmc He o6n3aTeAbHo Bbi3WBaeT hah 4a>Ke 
BOBce He BW3biBaeT noHBAeHHH nocAe hhx corAacHoro 3ByKa [h]. TaK, Ha- 
npHMep, npH o6pa30BaHHH yMeHbuiHTeAbHbix <f)opM cyigecTBHTeAbHbix yTpa- 
HeHHbifi KOHeuHbifi [h] hh b KOeM CAyqae He BoccTaHaBAHBaeTcn: [xyp3 J 
c ropa', ho [xypaK§ n ] VopKa'; [ixo H ] 'ceAo', ho [ixoKa H ] ( He6oAbiuoe ccao' 
h t. n. (cycfxp. [-k& h ] / [-k§ u ]). 06*bHCHneTCH aTo, bo3mo>kho» TeM, ^to boc- 
cTaHOBAeHHe KOHe^Horo [h] b no4o6Hbix cAyqanx npHBeAO 6m k o6pasoBa- 
hhk) coBepmeHHo hhoh cAOBOo6pa30BaTeAbHofi (popMM: [xypaifKa 11 ] C >KHTeAH 
rop', [ixoHKa H ] r ceAbCKHe *HTeAH', o4HoceAbuaHe' h t. n. (cy({)(J). [-ifKa J / 



OFIHCAHHE 3ByKOB 31 



[-hks*]). B HeKOTopwx 4pyrwx cAyqanx — npH o6pa30BaHHH <popM MHOJKe- 

CTBeHHOrO ^IHCAa H AHHHO-npHTH>KaTeAbHMX (})OpM 2~rO AHlja BOCCTaHOBAe- 

HHe KOHe^Horo [h] hbahctch (paKyAbTaTHBHWM: [Mopw a ] ! Aouia4b , > [MopicaA] = 
[MopiHcaA] c Aoma4H', [Mopicn] = [MopiHCH] ^tboh Aoma4b\ [Mopicy] = [mo- 
piHcy] ? Bauia Aoma4b' h t. n. 04HaKO b no4aBAHFoujeM 6oAbiiiHHCTBe CAy- 

HaeB B KOCBeHHHX (pOpMaX OT OCHOB C KOHe^HWMH HOCOBblMH TAaCHblMH 
MOK4y OCHOBOH H Cy<J)({)HKCOM COrAaCHblft [h] IIOHBAHeTCH. BoAbiue Toro, 
CAOBa C KOHe^HMMH HOCOBWMH TAaCHblMH BOCCTaHaBAHBaiOT yTpaueHHblfi [h] 

4a>Ke b npHMbix (popMax, Kor4a b noTOKe cbh3hoh peun nocAe hhx cAe4yioT 
CAOBa, Ha^HHaioiijHecH c corAacHbix, HanpHMep: [yA9 u OTa] f xopomaH o6yBb\ 
ho [yA9H T9Tya] f xopomee nAaTbe'; [apioKa H yAnHH'n] VjeBo^Ka iiibeT 1 , ho 

[ap^OKaH TyT^HH^H] ^eBOUKa 60KHT* H t. n. 

HoCOBblMH MOryT 6bITb BCe OCHOBHWe TAaCHbie (pOHCMbl. 04HaKO Hy>KHO 

CKa3aTb, ^to HocoBan epOHeivia [i H ] npaKTHMecKH pe4K0 BCTpeqaeTCH. 06t>hc- 

HHeTCH 3TO TeM, UTO HOCOBbie TAaCHbie MOryT 6bITb TOAbKO B a6cOAK)THOM 

KOHije CAOBa, a cpoHeMa [i] b Komje CAOBa ^auje Bcero pe4yi$HpyeTCH 40 
nepexo4a b (|>OHeMy [h] (06 stom cm. CTp. 38). 

Hocobmmh MOryT 6biTb Bee 4H<pTORrH, To^Hee roBopn hx BTopwe kom- 
noHeHTbi, HanpHMep: [6§H^H9 n ] c noAb3a\ [cny 11 ] 'coAHije\ IVapia"] ( KOAeco\ 
[nopnio 11 ] ? boa*iok\ [t3h h ] *ot4Mx\ [63y u ] f MecTO% [cajj a ] f 3HaK, oTMeTKa\ 
[ap H ] 'cyTKH 1 , [4^h k ] ^eTwpe', [iyMq^3 a ] f naAej$\ [moh h ] ^eAbiM', [aMoa H ] 

f 03epKo\ HoCOBblMH, nO~BH4HMOMy, MOryT 6bITb H BCe 40ArHe (pOHeMbl, 

BnpoqeM, 3to ocTaeTCH no4 HeKOTopbiM coMHeHHeM. Bee 4eAo b tom, *ito, 
KaK yKa3MBaA0Cb Bbime, HocoBbie rAacHbie (poHeMbi 6biBaioT TOAbKO b a6co- 
aiothom KOHue CAOBa, a KOHe^Hbie 40Arne rAacHbie, no4Bepra«Cb pe4yKU j HH, 
b 3HaqHTeAbHofi iwepe, a mo>kct 6biTb h bobcc yTpa^HBaiOT 40AroTy. Anuib 

KOCBeHHbie (pOpMW HeKOTOpblX CAOB no3BOA#K)T 3aKAK)*iaTb O 40ArOTe HX 

KOHe^Hbix HocoBbix rAacHwx b npHMbix (popMax. HanpHMep: caobo [Kyq§H r xH] 
'hojkom' 4aeT ocHOBamie 4yMaTb, mto b ero npaMoft <popMe [Kyqa H ] 'hojk' 
KOHe^HbiS HocoBoii rAacHbifi b KOAH^ecTBeHHOM oTHouieHHH npeBbiiuaer 

06bIHHbIH KpaTKHH TAaCHblfi. To >Ke CaMOe MO>KHO CKa3aTb B OTHOUieHHH 

napHbix cpopM caob: [yA§H'jH] 'xopomo' h [yA9 H ] 'xopouihh', [xa4yH'5H] 

f BeTpoM' h [x34y H ] f BeTep', [Mana*iaH4y] ( y cTapHKa 1 h [Manama 11 ] *CTapHK ? 
h t. n. 

H3 TyHryCO"MaHbH>KypCKHX H3bIKOB HOCOBblMH TAaCHblMH (pOHeMdMH, KpoMe 

HaHaScKoro, o6Aa4aioT TaK>Ke h3wkh coaohckhh h yAbMCKHS. 06pa30BaAHCb 
HocoBbie rAacHbie b sthx H3WKax TeM >Ke nyTeM, mto h b HaHaficKOM, 

H o6Aa4aK)T BCeMH TeMH OCo6eHHOCTHMH, KOTOpbie 6bIAH OTMe^ieHbl Bbiuie. 
B yAb^CKOM H3bIKC HMeiOIljeM B OCHOBHOM 06HJHH C HaHaHCKHM H3WKOM, 
HO HeCKOAbKO (pOHCTH^eCKH BH40H3MeHeHHblfi, CAOBapHblH COCTaB, HOCOBOH 

xapaKTep cooTBeTCTByioujux rAacHbix $ OHeM B npoH3HouieHHH, KaK npaBHAo > 

3HaHHTeAbHO OCAa6AHeTCH, Hepe4K0 CX04H Ha HeT. 04HaK0 B KOCBeHHWX 
(pOpMax 6bIAOH KOHe^Hblfi COTAaCHblH [h] peryAHpHO BOCCTaHaBAHBaeTCH. 

B y43HCKOM h opo^cKOM H3WKax OTna4eHHe KOHeHHOrO [h] He COXpaHHAO 
y&e HHKaKHx CAe40B b npHMbix (popMax caob. BoccTaHOBAeHHe »;e yTpa^eH- 
Horo [h] b KocBeHHbix cpopMax hocht noMTH peryAHpHbifi xapaKTep. 

Il04B04H KOAH^eCTBeHHbie HTOrH C4CAaHHOrO BMUie OnHCaHHH TAaCHblX 

(poHeM HaHaiicKoro H3biKa, mojkho CKa3aTb, hto b stom H3biKe HMeeTCH iuecTb 

OCHOBHblX TAaCHblX (pOHCM, UieCTb napHblX K HHM 40ArHX TAaCHblX (})OHeM, 

4BeHa4HaTb 4H(pTOHroB h BoceMHa4isaTb hocobwx rAacHbix (poHeM (BKAioqan 

HOCOBbie 4H(f)TOHrH), BCerO CopOK 4Be TAaCHblX (pOHeMbl. Ilo4 BonpocoM 

OCTaeTCH (pOHeMaTH^HOCTb TAaCHOrO [e], HeCKOAbKHX TpH(})TOHrOB, a TaK>Ke 



32 (DOHETHHECKOE BBE4EHHE 



CyigeCTBOBaHHe UieCTH HOCOBWX 40ArHX TAaCHWX 3ByKOB. Bo3MO>KHOCTb CBe- 

4eHHH Bcero aToro MHoroo6pa3Ha rAacHbix k uiecTH ochobhmm (poHeMaM, 

COCTaBAHIOEgHM KaK 6bl KOCTHK BCerO BOKaAH3Ma HaHaSCKOrO H3MKa, BeCbMa 

npocTofl h cHMMeTpw^HbiS, *ipe3BbmaHHo o6Aer i iaeT KaK npaKTH^ecKoe noAb- 
30BaHHe BceM 9thm 6oraTCTBOM rAacHbix, TaK h ero H3yqeHHe. 

OnncaHiie corAacHwx <f)OHeM 

CorAaCHWX $OHeM B HaHaHCKOM H3bIKe B0CeMHa4|jaTb. Hx He TOAbKO 

a6coAK)THO MeHbiue, new. rAacHbix (pOHeM, ho ohh BOo6uje b noTOKe HaHafi- 

CKOH peHH B KOAHMeCTBeHHOM OTHOlUeHHH 3aHHMaK)T HCCKOAbKO MeHbiuee 

MecTo. BwGopo^Hbifi no^cqeT noKa3WBaeT, *ito cooTHouieHne rAacHbix h 
corAacHMx b cbh3HOm TeKCTe paBHneTCH npwMepHO 100 k 85 — 90, ecAH 
40Arne rAacHbie h 4H<pTOHrH CHHTaTb Ka>K4biH 3a 4boShoM 3ByK, hto BnoAHe 

COOTBeTCTByeT KOAHqeCTBeHHoS CTOpOHe HX npOH3HOUieHHH. 

Hw>Ke 4aeTCH onncaHHe Ka^ecTBeHHofi CTopaHw corAacHbix (poHeM. 

(J)oHeMa [n] — uiyMHan, CMW^Han, rAyxan, ry6HO-ry6naH. Hanpa>KeHHe 
CMbi^KH HecKOAbKo cAa6ee, new. y cooTBeTCTByfoujeS pyccKoS (poHeMbi, 6Aa- 
ro4apn ^eiviy ohe HMeeT ottchok npn4bixaTeAbH0CTH, oco6eHHo b Ha^aAe 
CAOBa. CyujecTByeT 4Ba 4naAeKTHbix BapHaHTa (J)OHeMbi [n]: b hhhxhhckom 
h rapHHCKOM roBopax oHa HMeeT yKa3aHHbift Bbime xapaKTep; b caKa^H- 

aAHHCKOM TOBOpe, Kyp-ypMHflCKOM H CyHrapH^CKOM HapeMHHX npOH3HOCHTCH 

c ocAa6AeHHoS 40 MHHHMyMa CMbmKOH, nepexo4H b npoH3HomeHHH oT4eAb- 
hmx AHg b ujeAeBoft 3ByK. ripHMepbi: Hanx. [napa] f caHH' // caK. [<papa]; 
Haflx. [nopo] c TeTepeB' // caK. [fopo]; Haflx. [ona] *MyKa' // caK. [09a]; Haftx. 
[ana 11 ] ^AeneuiKa' // caK. [a?a H ] h t. n. B noAO>KeHHH nepe4 rAacHMMH nepe4~ 
Hero pH4a HMeeT MnrKHit (naAaTaAH30BaHHbift) ottchok. FIpHMepbi: [tohto] 
f BepeBKa', [Mana] VrapnK', [napa] f caHH% [noKTo] c nyTb\ [any H ] f nianKa', [cana] 
? co6oAb'; [n'ma] ^KOTOMKa', [Man'n] ^ceGsf, [n'nBa] f 6pycoK' h t. n. 

OoHeMa [6] — myMHan, cMbmHaH, 3BOHKan, ry6H0-ry6Han. HanpnaseHHe 
cmmhkh, r KaK y poHeMbi [n], HecKOAbKo cAa6ee, neM y cooTBeTCTByioijgefi 

pyCCKOH (pOHeMbl. B npOH3HOUieHHH OT4eAbHWX AHIJ HanpHJKCHHe CMbl^KH 

npH noAo>KeHHH aToii (poHeMbi Me>K4y 4syMH rAacHMMH, oco6eHHo Me>K4y 
4ByMH [a], ocAa6eBaeT HacTOAbKO, hto 3ByK [6] npeBpaujaeTCH no^TH b iije- 
AeBoff, HanpHMep: [a^a], bmccto HopMaAbHoro [a6a] *HeT\ B. noAo>KeHHH nepe4 
rAacHMMH nepe4Hero p*4a HMeeT naAaTaAH30BaHHWH ottchok. FIpHMepbi: 
[ca64aw] f KanAeT\ [ca6jaH ; H] c BeceAo\ [060] *4oah\ [6aAaHa] c 4aBHo', [6arjH] 
f Hora', [6g] mh 1 ; [6'ipa tt ] 'py^eS', [6'n*ixa] 'nncbMo, rpaMOTa' h t. 4. 

OoHeMa [b]- — myMHaa (6AH3Kan k cohophwm), ujeAeBaH, 3B0HKan, ry6Ho- 
ry6Han. Hanpn>KeHHe ry6 npn o6pa30BaHHH njeAH (bh4hmo, KpyrAoM) oCAa6- 
AeHHoe, 6Aaro4apn tieMy 3ByK [b] c oTHOCHTeAbHoM AerKOCTbio Bbina4aeT 
b noAO>KeHHH Me>K4y rAacHWMH. CpoHeMa [b] He HMeeT MarKoro (naAaTaAH- 
3oBaHHoro) BapnaHTa. 06'bHCHHeTCH aTo TeM, hto oHa HHKor4a He 6biBaeT 
nepe4 rAacHWMH nepe4Hero p«4a. IlpHMepbi: [BaTa] 'BOAHa', [Banana] ^anAH 1 , 
[Ba^a 11 ] c cyKa', [aBaTa] ? qepHo6ypaa Anca', [40BOH] r BHyTpeHHHM\ [yB^ij] 
r BepxHHH, bwcuihS', [TaBa] c rpy3, noKAa>Ka' h t. n. 

OoHeMa [m] — coHopHan, HocoBan, ry6Ho-ry6Han. HMeeT naAaTaAH3osaH- 
hwh KOM6HHaTopHbiH oTTeHOK, KOTopbiS BCTpe^aeTCH TOAbKo nepe4 TAaC- 
HblMH nepe4Hero p^4a. IlpHMepbi: [Mana] f CTapHK', ? Me4Be4b', [aMa] r oTeu', 
[xaMa] MOA^a, thxo', [aMTaKa] f flro4a', [qyMH^a H ] 'naAe^, [nHMy] 'phG^hk'; 
[m^h] V, ]M'^oqa E ] c py>Kbe' h t. 4. 

OoHeMa [t] — myMHan, CMbi^Han, rAyxan, nepe4Hefl3biqHafl, anHKaAbHafl. 
CMW^Ka o6pa3yeTCH Me>K4y nepe4neB qacTbio cnHHKH H3bma h aAbBeoAaMH, 



OnHCAHHE 3ByK0B 33 



qeM aTa cpoHeMa h oTAH^aeTCH ot cooTBeTCTByioujeH pyccKoif 4opcaAbHoft 
iponeMhi co cmm^koh Me>KAy nepe^Heii qacTbio cnHHKH H3bnca h BepxHHMH 
3y6aMH. B Ha^aAe CAOBa npoH3HOCHTcn c npH^bixaHweM. FIpHMepbi: [TaBa 
'oroHb 1 , [TonTo] ? BepeBKa^, f KaHaT\ [Ty B ] r <J>Aar\ [ciaATa] c y roAb, > [t9T£9 
r 04OK4a', [nypTy] ? kpoihkh\ MnrKoro BapnaHTa b coBpeMeHHOM HaHaftcKOM 
H3biKe He HMeeT. I~[ona4afl b pe4KHx cAynaxx b noAo>KeHHe nepe4 TAacHbiMH 
nepe4Hero pn^a, He naAaTaAH3yeTCH, HanpHMep: [thbcbJ *py6Ab', [TiHTiaKo] 
^iHOMnoA', [6opth] c coBceM, HaBcer4a', [Tiac] c noAHo', [T^aKTiaK] 'nAOTHo', 
|/rian] ( cnAouib, ljcahkom'. HHor4a TaKHe coneTaHHH BosHHKaioT b pe3yAb- 

TaTe MOHO(})TOHrM3al|HH 4H(J)TOHrOB [aj], [bh]. B COOTBeTCTBHH C HOpMaMH 

AHTepaTypHoro H3HKa Ha nncbMe TaKan MOHo<J>TOHrH3aijHH 4H(})TOHroB He 
oxpaiKaeTCH, noaTOMy b AHTepaTypHofi nncbMeHHOH pe^H corAacHan 6yKBa m 
pe4Ko 0Ka3WBaeTCH nepe4 6yKBofi m. 04HaKo b ikhbom npoH3HoiueHHH, 

OC06eHHO B HaHXHHCKOM rOBOpe, yKa3aHHbie BblUie 4H(J>TOHrH MOHO({)TOHrH- 
3HpyK)TCH 40BOAbHO HaCTO, H COrAaCHblfi 3ByK [t] 6Aar04apH 9TOMy OKa3bI- 

BaeTCH nepe4 rAacHMMH nepe4Hero p*i4a, KOTopwe, KaK h b 4pyrnx cAy- 
*iaax, He OKa3biBaioT Ha Hero naAaTaAH3yioEgero bahhhhh. TaK, HanpHMep, 
caobo [t3h] 'tot' o6bi^Ho npoH3HocHTca Kan [th], caobo [TaiH^n] \4eAaeT, 
nocTynaeT 7 — KaK [tih'h], caobo [hh9kt9h] f CMeeTcn' — KaK [hh9kth] h t. n. 
CpoHeMa [4] — uiyMHan, cMbi^Han, 3B0HKan, nepe4Hefl3bi*maH, anHKaAbHan. 
CMbmKa, KaK h npn npoH3HeceHHH (poHeMbi [t], o6pa3yeTCH Me>K4y nepe4 _ 
He8 qacTbio cnHHKH H3biKa h aAbBeoAaMw. AnHKaAbHbii! xapaKTep apTHKyAH- 

IJHH 9T0H $OHeMbI OTAH^aeT ee OT COOTBeTCTByiOHjeH 40pCaAbH0H pyCCKOH 

cpoHeMbi. FIpHMepbi: [4aBa] *KeTa\ [49p9] ? ctoa\ [40A60] 'hoW, [xa64aTa] 
c ahct (pacTenHn)', [xar4o u ] ( 6epAora', [6040K0] c cneTbi\ IlaAaTaAH3oBaHHoro 
BapnaHTa b coBpeMeHHOM HaHaficKOM H3MKe He HMeeT. B noAo>KeHHH nepe4 
rAacHMM nepe4Hero pn4a Mo*KeT OKa3aTbcn AHiiib b pe3yAbTaTe mohoc})toh- 

TH3aiJHH 4H(J)TOHrOB [aj], [9h], ^TO 6bIBaeT Hepe4KO B >KHBOM npOH3HOHieHHH, 

oco6eHHo y npe4CTaBHTeAen HafixHHCKoro roBopa, ho a6coAK)THo HCKAio^eHo 
b AHTepaTypHofi nncbMeHHOH pe^H. TaK, HanpHMep, caobo [ca64an] c KanAeT' 
nacTo npoH3HocHTca KaK [ca64w], CAOBO [49r49H] ? AeTHT 7 — KaK [4ar4H], 
po40Boe hmh (cpaMHAHn) [6iA4an] — KaK [6iA4«] h t. 4* 1 

CpaBHeHHH C p04CTBeHHMMH H3bIKaMH n03BOAHK)T npe4nOAO>KHTb, HTO 

Kor4a-To b npouiAOM HaHaficKHe (|)OHeMbi [t] h [4] MorAH peaAH30BaTbcn 
b 4Byx BapnaHTax Ka>K4a*i: b TBep40M — nepe4 corAaCHWMH h nepe4 rAac- 
hwmh cpe4Hero h 3a4Hero PH40B, b mhtkom — nepe4 rAacHMMH nepe4Hero 
pH4a; BnocAe4CTBHH hx MflTKHe BapnaHTbi npeBpaTHAHCb b 6ah3Khc hm 
a(J)$HijHpoBaHHbie <J)OHeMM [n] h [j], Tor4a KaK b 6oAbiiiHHCTBe po4CTBeH- 
hwx h3wkob ^oHeMM [t] h [4] b noAo>KeHHH nepe4 rAacHMMH nepe4Hero 
pK4a npo40A>KaK)T coxpaHHTb cboh TBep4biH (HenaAaTaAH30BaHHMH) xapaKTep. 
Ilo4TBep>K4eHHeM BTOMy MoryT cAy>KHTb CAe4yioii}He 3aKOHOMepHbie coot- 

BeTCTBHH: 9BeHCK. mhlHUBpBH *npH4aBHA' // SBeHK. mbipBMU C 4aBHTb' // yAbH. 

[thpbh] f 4aBHT' // HaH. [hhpbh] ^aBHT 9 ; aBeHK. mbiMQHu 'yTpo' // y49HCK. 
mbiMUHu If yAbH. [TiMaji] // HaH. [qiMan]; bbchck. mbinue f BHepa' // HaH. [hh- 
csh'h]; yAbH. [naKTyAH] 'TeMHO 1 // 9bchk. xaKmupa II HaH. [naKqn]; a$<}). Ha- 
upaBHTeAbHoro na4e>Ka: 9BeHCK. -mnu — -maKu\-m3Ku // 9BeHK. -mKu — 
-mbiKu II coaoh. -mxu ~ -mbixu // y49HCK. -mbnu II yAbM. [-th] // HaH. [-mh]; 

9BCHCK. Xazgbl 'cTapblfi' // Y49HCK. CaiAM C 60AbIII0H' // 9BCHK., COAOH., yAbH. 



1 Ha nncbMe 6ytcBa a Becbiwa qacTo BCTpeqaeTCK nepe4 6yKBoft u y ho b btom CAy- 
qae OHa o6o3HaMaeT Apyryio (J)OHeMy — a(J)$HgHpoBaHHWH, Bcer^a naAaTaAH30BaHHbifi 
3ByK [3], HanpHMep: auau 'roAOBa' npoH3HocHTCH [^iAi], AUAu 'hact npoH3HocHTCH 

[3 H 3 H 1- 

3 B. A, ABpopHH 



34 tfOHETft'MECKOE BBE4EHHE 



caiAbi r cTapbifi' // HaH. [carjn] ^CTapwM'; sbchk., aBeHCK., yAbq. bam f My>K' // 
HaH. [ajn]; y49ficK. 6az£bi 'pacTH, >KHTb' // yAbu. [6aA4H] // HaH. [6aAgH]; 

3BeHK. A&IJL VoAOBa' // COAOH. AblJL — AblAU // y43HCK., yAb 1 !. A*>IAU // H8M, 
[jiAi]. 1 

OoHeMa [c] — iuyMHaa, ujeAeBan, rAyxan, nepe4HeH3bi*mafl, anHKaAbHan* 
Y3KaH, b BH^e >KeAo6ica ujeAb o6pa3yeTCH MOK^y nepe4HeH qacTbio cnHHKH 

H3bIKa H aAbBeOAaMH. ApTHKyAHLJHOHHOe OTAHHHe 9T0H <J)OHeMbI OT COOT" 

BeTCTByioiijeH pyccKOH, xapaKTepH3yeMo8 KaK 4opcaAbHan, npHB04HT k hx 
3Ha^HTeAbHOMy aKycTH^ecKOMy pa3AHHHK). HaHaficKaH (fOHeMa [c] o6Aa4aeT 
6e3 Tpy4a BocnpHHHMaeMofi Ha CAyx uieneAHBOCTbio, Bcer4a oGpaujaBiueH 
Ha ce6a BHHMaHHe pyccKwx HccAe40BaTeAe8. TaKOH xapaKTep stoS HaHafi- 

CKOH (pOHeMbl CAy>KHT 4AH HaHafi nOMeXOH B pa3AH*ieHHH pyCCKHX <|)OHeM 

[c] h [in]. HivieeT naAaTaAH30BaHHWH KOM6HHaTopHWH ottchok b noAcmeHHH 

nepe4 rAacHMMH nepe4nero pH4a. rtpHMepw: [caca] *4po6b\ [cana] f co6oAb', 

cor6o] ( pbi6bH KO>Ka', [cycy] 'noKHHyToe ceAeHHe'; [c'ic'i] c AHCTBeHHHjja\ 

ayc'H] r cK>4a\ [c'HKy B ] ^HOBbiM' h t. 4. B (pOHeTHHecKoS CHCTeMe HaHaficKoro 

H3biKa 3bohkoh napw k tpoHeMe [c] He HMeeTCH. 2 

OoHeMa [h] — ■ coHOpHan, HocoBan, nepe4HeH3bmHaH, anHKaAbHan. FIpH- 
Mepw: [Ha] r 3eMAH*, [HaKa 11 ] Hapw 1 , [h9kt9] r Ka6aH', c hh3khh\ [h§mh] r KAa4a\ 
[oHOKTa] f KOHonAH', [6oho] f rpa4'> [HyKTa] 'boaocm', [cHHyAwaKTa] ? 4HKan 
rpytua\ riaAaTaAH3yHCb b noAOKeHHH nepe4 rAacHMMH nepe4Hero p#4a 
h cpe4Hen3bmHbiMH corAacHMMH, nepexo4HT b cpe4HeH3biHHyio <poneMy [n f ], 
o kotopoS peqb 6y4eT h4th hh^kc 04HaK0 naAaTaAH3au,HH (poHeMbi [h] nepe4 
rAacHMMH nepe4nero pa4a He hbahctch peryAHpHOH. B cAynanx (paicyAbTa- 

THBHOH MOHO<{)TOHrH3aiJHH 4H(j)TOHrOB [aj], [bh], CAe4yK)UjHX 3a 3TOH (j)OHeMOH, 

oHa b npoH3HomeHHH MHorwx HaHafi (b tom qncAe h npe4CTaBHTeAeH HafixHH- 
CKoro roBopa) coxpaHneTCH b TBep40M BapnaHTe. HanpHMep, caobo [Han] 
c MeAOBeK' nacTo npoH3HocHTCH KaK [hh], xoth HHor4a h KaK [h'h]; to >Ke 
c caMOHa3BaHHeM Hapo4HocTH — [HaHaii] = [h&hh] = [HaH^n] hah co caobom 
[anay] f H4eT' = [shh] — [bh'h]. B Tex >Ke cAy^anx, Kor4a rAacHbifi nepe4Hero 
p^4a He o6pasoBaH H3 4H(})TOHra, a hba^ctch HCKOHHbiM hah Kor4a oh 
o6pa30BaACH H3 4H(pT0Hra b 4aAeKOM npouiAOM h H3MK yxie yTpaTHA BapnaHT 
CAoBa c 4H(f)TOHroM, naAaTaAH3ayHH [h] oKa3WBaeTCH peryAHpHofl. Bo3mo>kho, 

HTO 3TO HBAHeTCH pe3yAbTaT0M TOH >Ke 3a6bITOH HAH nOAy3a6bITOH 3aKOHO" 
MepHOCTH, O KOTOpOH TOBOpHAOCb BblUie B CBH3H C (pOHeMaMH [t] H [4]. 

B noAo>KeHHH nepe4 3a4Hea3biHHbiMH corAacHWMH (poneMa [h] peryAnpHo 
nepexo4HT b (poHeiwy [hJ. 

OoHeMa [a] — coHopHan, GoKOBaa, nepe4HeH3bi4HaH, anHKaAbHan. HMeeT 
Tpn ocHOBHbix BapHaHTa: Han6oAee TBep4bifi — nepe4 rAacHHMH [a], [o], 
HecKOAbKo 6oAee mhfkhh — nepe4 rAacHMMH [a], [y], a TaK>Ke nepe4 HenaAa- 
TaAH30BaHHWMH corAacHMMH, h HawGoAee mhtkhh — nepe4 rAacHbiMH nepe4- 
Hero pa4a h nepe4 cpe4HeH3MHHbiMH h naAaTaAH30BaHHWMH corAacHMMH. 
04HaK0 Han6oAee TBep4biM ee BapHaHT HecKOAbKo MHr^e pyccKoro TBep4oro 
[a], a HaH6oAee mhfkhh — HecKOAbKo TBepiKe pyccKoro Mflncoro [a']. IlpH- 
Mepw: [xaA x a] 3 c xoMyT co6auben ynpn^H', c po4'» [a x oxo h ] *Me*i, ca6AH*; [aA 2 a] 



1 Cp.: B. H. ynHijHyc. CpaBHHTeAbHan <|>oHeTHKa. . ., cTp. 181 — 184, 188. 

2 C He^aBHero BpeMeHH 3Bohkhh 3ByK [3] cTaA npoH3HoCHTbc« o6wqHo b poaobom 
HMeHH (<J>aMHAHH) [3aKCop] BMeCTo npeatHero [gaKCop], Taxan 3BMeHa npoH3omAa noA 

HeCOMHeHHbIM BAHHHHeM pyCCKOTO IIp0H3H0UieHHH. 

3 yCAOBHO CTeneHb MHrKOCTH (fJOHeMM [a] 4AH HarAH4H0CTH o603HaMHM HH^paMH 1, 

2, 3, npHMeiw [a 1 ] — Han6oAee TBep^biH BapHaHT, [a 3 ] — HaHSoAee MJirKHH BapHaHT, [a 2 ] — 

CpeAHHH no MflrKOCTH. 



OnHCAHHE 3ByKOB 35 



? 40BOAbHo', [A 2 yKy] ( AoxMaTbi8\ [koa 2 40 h ] f Ke4p', [KaA 2 Ta] r noAOBHHa\ [iA 2 ra] 
? opHaMeHT, y3op\ [sa^ks] 'thxo, Me4AeHHo'; [iA 3 icH] 'ctoht', [k8a 3 h] c cbohk', 
[6aA 3 jH] ? >KHBeT, pacTeT 7 , [3a 3 hh] ( CAyra, pa6\ [coA 3 rH] 'oBon^'. CTeneHb 
TBep4ocTH aTofi cpoHeMM h CTeneHb ee naAaTaAH3aijHH HecKOAbKo BapbHpyiOTCH 

B npOH3HOUieHHH OT4eAbHbIX AHIJ. 

OoHeMa [p] — coHopHan, 4po>Kaujan (HecKOAbKo 6oAee pacKaTHCTaa, qeM 

pyccKan), nepe4HeH3WWHaH, anHKaAbHan. HMeeT naAaTaAH30BaHHbifi KOMGnHa- 

TopHbig oTTeHOK b noAo>KeHHH nepe4 rAacHWMH nepe4Hero pH4a. IlpHMepbi: 

ipra] c pw6aAKa'» [ap49] *paHo\ [iphh] c Be3eT\ [cap6n] Waomkh 4ah e4bi\ 

kopmh] hokhm'; [6ap'n] *TOBapHiij\ [cap'iH'n] ? 3HaeT', [Kyp'w] r cepbiH\ <J)oHeMa 

p] e4HHCTBeHRaH H3 COrAaCHHX <{)OHeM, C KOTOpOH B HaHaHCKOM H3bIKe 

He MoryT Ha^HHaTbcn CAOBa. 06Aa4aeT cnoco6HOCTbK) Bbina4aTb b noAo>KeHHH 

MOK4y TAaCHblMH. 

OoHeMa [j] — myMHan (BecbMa 6AH3Kan k cohophwm), ujeAeBan, 3BOHKan r 
cpe4HeH3biqHan, 4opcaAbHan. BapHaHTOB He HMeeT. BcTpeqaeTca TOAbKO 
nepe4 rAacHWMH (c HeS He cAe4yeT cMeuiHBaTb BToporo rAacHoro KOMno- 
HeHTa 4H(pTOHroB [ai], [bh], [oi], [jh]). He MO>KeT 3aKAK)^aTb caoth, a CAe4o- 
BaTeAbHo, h cAOBa. FlpHMepbi: [jSKqjo] ( 3ae340K, 3anop Ha peKe\ [aja] 'xopomo, 
Aa4Ho , » [janya] c BeceAo', [nyja] c paHa', [joco] 'saMOK*, [kojoa] ^a^Ta', 
[nyjyxa H ] ( CBapHA (oh)'. 

CDoHeMa [h] — UiyMHaH, aCpCppHlJHpOBaHHaH, C O^eHb KpaTKHM BTOpMM 

ujeAeBbiM KOMnoHeHTOM, rAyxan, cpe4HeH3bi*maH, 4opcaAbHan. AKycTH*ieCKH 
HMeeT CX04CTB0 c pyccKHMH 3ByKaMH [n], [uj, pr']. BcAe4CTBne 8Toro 4ah 
HaHaB ctoht 6oAbinoro Tpy4a pa3AH**HTb Tpn yKa3aHHbix Bbiuie 3ByKa. PyccKHe 
CAOBa: uex j u l ex, mex — 4ah HaHafi, He HMeioruHx 40CTaTo*moH Bwy^KH 

B o6AaCTH pyCCKOrO npOH3HOHieHHH, npe4CTaBAHK)TCH Hepa3AHHHMblMH. 

OoHeMa [4] HMeeT 4Ba 4HaAeKTHMx BapnaHTa: b K)ro-3ana4Hbix roBopax, 

BKAFOqaH HaHXHHCKHH, OHa 3By*IHT HeCKOAbKO 6AH>Ke K pyccKOMy 3ByKy [u], 

a b ceBepo-BoCTOHHwx roBopax — 6AH>Ke k pyccKOMy 3ByKy [h], He yTpanHBan, 
o4HaKO, hh b tom, hh b 4pyroM cAy*iae CBoero cxo4CTBa c naAaTaAH30BaHHHM 
[t 7 ]. IlpHMepbi: [^ana] ( HKpa\ [hoamoh] 'xopeK 9 , [*uko] 'Kypnuy, [K8HH9Ka H ] 
'ujeHOK', [ry^n] f euje\ [6n^xa] r iiHCbMo\ VpaMOTa', [ap*ioKa H ] ? 4eBo*iKa\ 

OoHeMa [j] UiyMHafl, a<{><f>pHIJHpOBaHHafl, C O^eHb KpaTKHM BTOpbiM 

ujeAeBbiM KOMnoHeHTOM, 3BOHKan, cpe4He«3MMHafl, 4opcaAbHan. AKycTHiecKK 
HanoMHHaeT pyccKHH naAaTaAHSoBaHHbiii 3ByK [4']* oTAH^ancb ot Hero 
a<p(J)pHKaTHBHbiM xapaKTepoM, KOTopbifi, BnponeM, HHor4a, oco6eHHo b noAO- 
>KeHHH nepe4 rAacHWMH nepe4nero pH4a, CAa6o Bbipa>KeH. OoHeMa [j] HMeer 
4Ba 4HaAeKTHbix BapnaHTa, tohho TaK >Ke, KaK h (poHeMa [^]: b ioro-3ana4Hbix 
roBopax, BKAio^an HanxHHCKHH, BTopofi KOMnoHeHT ee HanoMHHaeT pyccKHft 
3ByK [3], a b ceBepo-BocTOHHbix roBopax ee BTopoS komhohcht HanoMHHaeT 
pyccKHH 3ByK [>k], He yTpaMHsan CBoero cxo4CTBa h c naAaTaAH3oBaHHbiM 
[4]. IlpHMepbi: [ja] f AerKo, 4eineBo'» [japi B ] f necHfl\ [c§rga H ] f KpacHMH', [jol 
c 4om', [jyKa] c Ae4\ [jixa] ( 4eHbrH ? , [jhjh] ( H4eT', [yH^n] "roBopnT 7 . 

OoHeMa [h] — coHopHan, HocoBa^, cpe4HeH3bi^HaH, 4opcaAbHan. BcTpe- 
^aeTCH He TOAbKo nepe4 rAacHWMH nepe4Hero p>i4a h cpe4Hen3biqHbiMH 
corAacHWMH, ho h nepe4 rAacHMMH cpe4Hero h 3a4Hero pn40B. riocAe4Hee^ 

o6CTOHTeAbCTBO y6e4HTCAbHO CBH4eTeAbCTByeT O TOM, HTO Mbl HMeeM 4eAo 

ne c naAaTaAH30BaHHMM no4 bahhhhcm KOM6HHaTopHbix ycAOBHfi BapnaHTOM* 
(pOHeMbi [h], a c caMocTOHTeAbHofi (poHeMofi. BapHaHTaMH $oHeMW [h] eige 
mo>kho 6wao 6h c^HTaTb Te CAyqaw ee naAaTaAH30BaHHoro npoHBAeHHH, 
Kor4a naAaTaAH3aijHH Bbi3BaHa CAe4yK)H|HM naAaTaAH3yioHjHM 3ByKOM. Ho> 
nocKOAbKy TaKofi BapnaHT MaTepnaAbHO coBna4aeT noAHOCTbio c (foHeMofi [h 7 ], 
CTOHigen nepe4 HenaAaTaAH3yioiijHM 3ByKOM, HeT HHKaKHX ocHOBaHHii pa3- 



36 (DOHETHHECKOE BBE4EHHE 



rpaHH^HBHTb CpOHeMy |V] H naAaTaAH30BaHHWfi KOM6HHaTOpHhlS BapHaHT 

(pOHeMw [h]. ripHMepw: [n'iKa a ] *KHTaeij\ [i^Hpyw] c nHiueT', [cyH'^H] f K BaNi', 
[oh'jh] ? HaB3HHHb\ [VaMa] 'xenAbifi', [h'bhh'b] c BecHa, BecHoii, BeceHHHfi', 
jVqaH'H] c oh, oHa, oho 7 , [xaH'y] : AerKHH 7 . 

OoHeMa [k] — uiyMHan, CMwqHan, rAyxan, 3a4HeH3biHHaH. B 3tom cbocm 
ochobhom BapHaHTe ynoTpe6AHeTCH nepe4 Henepe4HHMH rAacHWMH h aioGmmh 
corAacHMMH b CAOBax c rAacHMMH BTopoS cepHH. Kpoiwe Toro, HiweeT yByAHp- 
hwh BapHaHT [k,], ynoT.pe6A>ieMbiH npw toh me iio3hijhh b CAOBax c rAacHMMH 
nepBofi cepHH. B noAo^KeHHH nepe4 rAacHWMH nepe4Hero pH4a 06a BapHaHTa 
(poHeMbi [k] naAaTaAH3yioTCH. FIpHMepbi: [TyKna H ] c rB034b\ [jHKTy] ( >KHpHbift, 
4opo4Hbifi\ [nyK^n] c 6e*KHT (o >khbothom)', [kbch] c CHacTbe, y4a*ia 7 , [icy^M 
c roAy6b'; [noK,co B ] f BHeniHHH yroA\ [aK,qa H ] r KyKAa\ [oifKon] c naceTcn', [na^a 11 
mhm'; [K'nyTSA] c pw6oAOBHbiM kpio^ok', [k'ha49] f AHna', [aBaHK'n] r 0TCK>4a'; 
[tok^'i] *HapTw\ [^ipa] c Kpafi\ c rpaHb', [^iokto] 'uihiiobhhk' h t. n. 

OoHeMa [r] — myMHan, CMWHHan, 3B0HKan, 3a4HeH3bi*maH. HMeeT, KaK 
h (foHeiwa [k], ho MeHee hpko Bbipa>KeHHbiH yByAnpHbiS BapHaHT [*$]. Ilepe4 
rAacHWMH cpe4Hero h 3a4Hero ph4ob 3BynHT TBep40, nepe4 rAacHWMH 
nepe4Hero p*4a naAaTaAH3yeTCH. FIpHMepbi: [Tyr6yH] 'poHneT, BaAHT 1 , [cyr4a] 
*noBCio4y', [6arjn] f Hora\ [cyr6n H ] c nap\ [ara] c cTapmaH cecTpa', [rycn] f opeA'; 
[a^4y"] c CBH4eTeAb , J [co^6o] r pw6bH KO*Ka', [a^a] 'cTapuiHH 6paT\ [094a] 
\\041ca 7 , [^oh] ^pyrofi'; [rHcypan] c paccKa3WBaeT\ [p'ha9mh] c hhbx (fhahk) 7 , 
[r'ny] f KocyAn'; [oci^'iAan] r ( OH ) 40A>KeH CTaTb\ [^iBa H ] ( 3apa 7 , [j>'i4a] r Konbe\ 

3>OHeMa [x] — uiyMHan, ujeAeBan, rAyxan, 3a4HeH3biHHaH. TaiQKe HMeeT 
yByAHpHwit BapHaHT. TBep4o 3By*iHT nepe4 rAacHMMH cpe4Hero h 3a4Hero 
PH40B, naAaTaAH3yeTCH nepe4 rAacHWMH nepe4Hero pH4a (nepe4 corAacHWMH 
He BCTpe^aeTcn). flpHMepbi: [xaMa] ( thxo, moaW, [xypa tt ] c ropa\ [xaca] 'caobo'; 
[xacap] c KpMAo\ [toXo h ] c nyroBHija\ [507^0] c kpk>k'; [Tyx'n] c BHyTpeHHocTH, 
noTpoxa'; l/rax'i] c noAKa\ [x'icaHFjoH] c roBopHT\ 

CponeMa [g] — coHopHan, HOCOBan, 3a4HeH3biHHan. B CAOBax c rAacHMMH 
nepBofi cepHH no4o6HO ocTaAbHMM 3a4HeH3biHHWM corAacHMM npno6peTaeT 
HecKOAbKO OT04BHHyTyK) Ha3a4 apTHKyAHijHK), 6AH3Kyio k yByAHpHOH. 9tot 
BapwaHT oTMeTHM 3HaK0M [hJ. Mauje Bcero aTa (pOHeMa BCTpewaeTCH b iioao- 
>kchhh nepe4 3a4HeH3bi t *HMMH corAacHHMH, HanpHMep: [aH,^a] f ceTb\ [ap4aHra] 
( HHTepecHMH, y4HBHTeAbHWH\ [TaH,^] 'cto', [caHKypa] c 6aryAbHHK (pacTeHHe)', 
[TyHra H ] Vpy4b', [xoh,k,o] c yTec'; BCTpenaeTCH h nepe4 4pyrHMH corAacHMMH: 
[4aH,ca] c KHHra', [BaH,Ta] f riHXTa\ [aH,Ma] c poT', [ciaH,ca] 'hujhk', [oh,6oh] ( 3a- 
^biBaeT 1 ; a TaK>Ke nepe4 rAacHWMH: [H,aAa] c pyKa', [aJH,aH / H] r ro4 7 > [AyHy] 
c CBepAo', [KaH,ano H ] r pacnpaBHAKa 4ah uinypoK nyuiHbix 3Bepen'. riaAaTaAH3o- 
BaHHoro BapnaHTa He HMeeT, TaK nan nepe4 rAacHWMH nepe4Hero pH4a 
He BCTpenaeTCH, ecAH He c^HTaTb Bcero o4Horo AHiub cynjecTBHTeAbHoro 
[/aBa^'n] = [xaBaH'n] t no4MMUiKH'. 

KAaCCH(J)HKaiiHH HaHaHCKHX COTAaCHblX (pOHeM CXeMaTHHeCKH MOiKeT 6bITb 

npe4CTaBAeHa b noMeiijeHHOH HH>ne Ta6AHije. 

HaHaHCKHii KOHCOHaHTH3M o6Aa4aeT CAe4yioigHMH xapaKTepHWMH oco6eH- 
hocthmh: 

1) b pn4y ry6Hbix: oTcyTCTBHe ry6Ho-3y6Hbix, HaAHqne TOAbKo ry6H0- 
ry6Hbix; o6ujaH ocAa6AeHHan Hanpn>KeHHocTb, coo6ujaioiijaH ry6HHM 3ByKaM 
npH4bixaTeAbHMH xapaKTep; HaAH^ne naAaTaAH30BaHHbix BapnaHTOB y $oHeM 
[n], [6], [m] nepe4 rAacHWMH nepe4Hero pn4a h oTcyTCTBHe Taxoro BapnaHTa 
y $oHeMbi [b], 4Ah KOTopofl noAO>KeHHe nepe4 rAacHMMH nepeAHero pn4a 
ne4onycTHMo; 

2) b pn4y nepeAHeH3bi*mbix: o6iijhh 4ah hhx anHKaAbHbifi xapaKTep 
;apTHKyAHUHH; HaAHHHe naAaTaAH3oBaHHbix BapnaHTOB y (poHeM [c], [a], [p] 



OCHOBHhlE (POHETHMECKHE 3AKOHOMEPHOCTH 



37 





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P 







h oTcyTCTBHe hx y (poHeM [t], [4]; qepe^oBaHHe: nepe4Hen3bmHaH [h] nepe4 
Henepe4HHM rAacHWM hah HenaAaTaAH30BaHHbiM corAacHHM — cpe^HeHSwq- 
HaH [h] nepe4 nepe^HHM rAacHWM hah naAaTaAH30BaHHbiM corAacHbiM; 

3) b pn,4y cpe4Hen3bi i iHbix: o6iijHfi 4AH hhx 4opcaAbHbi3 xapaKTep; 

4) B pH4y 3a4HeH3biqHbIX: HaAH^He yByAHpHMX BapHaHTOB, B03HHKaK)IJgHX 

no4 BAHHHHeM rAacHbix nepBofi cepHH, npn o6u|eH, KaK mo>kho 4yiwaTb, 
HeCKOAbKO OT04BHHyTOlt (b cpaBHeHHH c pyccKHM h3wkom) Ha3a4 apTHKyAH" 
uhh; HaAHune naAaTaAH30BaHHbix BapnaHTOB y Bcex uiyMHbix $oHeM h oTcyT- 
ctbhc TaKoro BapnaHTa y coHopHofi (foHeMbi [if]. 

OCHOBHblE OOHETHHECKHE 3AKOH0MEPHOCTH 



PeayKiSHH rAacHMx 

O4HOH H3 Ba>KHbIX (pOHeTH^eCKHX 3aKOHOMepHOCTefi HaHaHCKOTO H3bIKa 
HBAHeTCH pe4yKIJHH TAaCHblX B OIipe4eAeHHbIX nOAO>KeHHHX, npOHBAHK)HjaHCH 

b 4Byx HanpaBAeHHHx: a) b noBbimeHHH no4i>eMa rAacHwx h 6) b coKpaujeHHH 

HX KOAH^eCTBeHHOfi CTOpOHbl C 04H0BpeMeHHbIM OCAa6AeHHeM CHAbI 3ByKa. 

TaKoii cbh3h c y4apeHHeM, KaK b pyccKOM H3WKe, HaHaficKaa pe4yKUHH 

TAaCHblX He HMeeT. OHa IjeAHKOM SaBHCHT OT nopH4Ka CAe40BaHHfl CAOrOB 

b cAOBe: b HaHaAbHwx CAorax rAacHbie Bosce He pe4yuHpyioTCH, b cpe4HHHbix 
CAorax rAacHbie pe4yuHpyK>TCH, KaK npaBHAo, CAa6o, a b KOHe^Hbix CAorax 
pe4yuHpyioTCH ^aiye Bcero h CHAbHee Bcero. TaKHM o6pa30M, HanGoAee no4~ 
BepnieHHbiMH pe4yKijHH oKa3biBaK)TCH rAacHbie no4 y4apeHneM, nocKOAbKy 
nocAe4Hee Bcer4a b HaHaBcKHx CAOBax na4aeT Ha KOHe^HbiH caoi\ 

HHor4a, oTHocHTeAbHo oneHb pe4KO, b noTOKe cbh3ho6 peqn pe4yKUHH 
rAacHoro npHB04HT k ero noAHOMy HCHe3HOBeHHK>. 9to 6biBaeT hah 
b a6coAK>THOM KOHue CAOBa, hah b nocAe4HeM CAore nepe4 cytj)$HKcaAbHOH 
^acTHijeH h KacaeTCH TOAbKO rAacHwx nepe4Hero pn4a, npnneM qauje Bcero 



Jg TOHETHMECKOE BBE4EHHE 

b Tex cAyqanx, Kor^a TaKofl rAacHbift 3ByK ctoht nocAe corAacHbix [h']» [5], 
W» [°]> [ M l> [ n L [p]> Wj oco6eHHo ecAH b npeAmecTByioEgeM CAore HMeeTcn 

AOArHfl TAaCHhlft HAH 4H(pTOHr. TaK, HanpHMep, B pa3rOBOpHOM CTHAe pe^H * 

mo>kho BCTpeTHTb TaKHe CAOBocoMeTaHHH: [h'ojh' jhhhh'h] oh npHiueA', BMeCTO 
o6w^Horo 4ah noAHoro cthah [h'qjh'h jh^hh'h]; [aMiH 7 or4aH'n] c cmja (ero) 
AOAKa', BMecTo [aMiH'i or4aHH]; [yA3H'j iAraAapxa 11 ] ( xopomo opHaMeHTHpo- 
BaHo\ BMecTo [yA9H'jH iAraAapxa"]; [jok^ 3H3x3m6h] f K 40My nomeA (n)\ 
BMecTo [jok^h 9h9x9m6h]; [iH4ac yA9 u ] r co6aica (tboh) xopoma\ bmccto 
[iH4aci yA3 n ]; [janaM anacw] f 6paTb HeAb3n', bmccto [janaMH a^acn]; [cian 
xojinn] 'ecTb (KymaTb) kohhhb', bmccto [ciann xojinn]; [xoAapp sja] c HHTaTb 
moskho', BMecTo [xoAappn aja]; [xaA jhhhch] ( Kor4a npH6biA (tm)?, bmccto 
[xaAH jhihch]. B noAHOM CTHAe pe^H no4o6Horo po4a a66peBHan,HH caob 
He4onycTHMa. 

Ho pe4yKijHH MOH^eT h He npwB04HTb k oTna4eHHio rAacHoro. Hauje 
Bcero oHa npoHBAneTCH b noBbimeHHH no4'bCMa, kotopmh o6bi^Ho conpo- 
Bo>K4aeTCH He3HaqHTeAbHbiM coKpaiijeHHeM 4AHTeAbH0CTH, npn^eM 9TO 
b paBHOH Mepe KacaeTca KaK hhctmx, TaK h hocobhx rAacHbix. Taicoft 
pe4yKHHH no4Bep>KeHbi TOAbKo rAacHbie [i] h [o]. 

OoHeMa [i] b kohc^hom CAore, KaK npaBHAo, pe4yunpyeTCH h qacTo 
nepexo4HT b $0HeMy [h], HHaqe roBopn, b sthx CAyqanx nponcxo4HT qepe- 
40BaHHe [i] — [h]. B pe3yAbTaTe 8Toro cfoHeMa [i] npaKTH^ecKH pe4Ko 6biBaeT 

B KOHeHHOS n03HIJHH. 3Ta II03HIJHH 4AH <J>OHeMM [i] HOpMaAbHa TOAbKO 

b HeMHorocAo>KHbix, qatge Bcero b 4BycAo>KHbix, CAOBax, ecAH b npe4" 
mecTByioujeM CAore rAacHbift npocToft, KpaTKHH, HanpHMep: [qiMi] c y T P°» 
vtpom', [toki] c HapTa', [coAi] ^HCHua', [ici] ( 4ocTHraeT, xBaTaeT', [Mopi H ] 
AoiDa4b', [Taxi] c noAKa\ 04HaKo h b sthx CAOBax 4onycTHMO npoH3HeceHHe 
KOHe^Horo [h], bmccto [i]. 

HaAH^ne b cAOBe 40ArHX rAacHbix hah 4H(|)TOHroB ycHAHBaeT pe4yKUHio 
rAacHbix b noCAe4yK>rgeM CAore. IloaTOMy 4a>Ke b 4BycAo>KHbix CAOBax npn 
TaKOM ycAOBHH Ha MecTe o>KH4aeMoro [i], KaK npaBHAo, npoH3HoCHTcn [h], 
a HHor4a btot rAacHbiH 0Tna4aeT bobcc, HanpHMep: [xaAn] = [xaA] r Kor4a', 

[xoh'h] = [xoh'] VaK', [6&kh] c AeHHBbiH', [raKH ( BopOHa', [caMn] = [caM] e 3Haji'> 
oh'jh] = [oh'j] f HaB3HHqb'; [qaprn] f inyMHo\ [cianH] = [cian] ? noeB\ ^aijn] 
? rpoMKo', [xapcH] = [xapc] c Ky4a\ BnpoqeM, h b 9thx cAyqanx 4onycTHMO 
npoH3HeceHHe KOHe^Horo [i] 6e3 3aMeTHo8 pe4yKUHH. 

B MHOrOCAO>KHbIX CAOBaX C TAaCHblMH nepBOH CepHH B KOHe^HOH n03HIJHH 

H3 rAacHbix nepe4Hero p*4a mo>kct npoH3HOCHTbcn [i], ho o6bmHo oh, 
pe4ynHpyncb, 3aMeHneTCH b nopH4Ke qepe40BaHHH 3ByK0M [h], tcm 6oAee, 
ecAH eMy npe4HiecTByeT 40ArHfi rAacHbifi hah 4H(pTOHr, HanpHMep: [kotoah], 
pe>Ke — [kotoaI] r napyc*, [TopaKn], peme — [TopaKi] c rpaq', [4aMaxn], pe>Ke — 
[4aMaxi] f Ta6aK\ [6aAjiH ; H], pe>Ke — [6aA5lH 7 i] c >khbct, pacTeT', [cipixaH^H], 
pe>ne — [cipixaH'i] f cnpnTaACH (oh)', [iAicixaH'n], pe»;e — [iAicixaH'i] ( ctoha (ohV. 
B cpe4HHHbix CAorax, oco6chho b 6AH^aHuiHx k KOHijy cAOBa, $OHeMa [i] 
T0>ne o6biMHO HecKOAbKO pe4ynHpyeTCH, noBbiman cboh no4T>eM h yno4o6AHHCb 
<{)OHeMe [h], ho b [h], KaK npaBHAo, Bee >Ke He nepexo4HT. BnpoqeM, BnoAHe 

B03M0>KH0 npOH3HeCeHHe (pOHeMbl [i] B TaKOH n03HlJHH H 6e3 3aMCTHOH 

pe4VKIIHH. 

OoHeMa [o] b KOHe^Hbix CAorax 04HHX caob pe4yn j HpoBaTbCH He mo>kct, 
a b KOHe^Hbix CAorax 4pyrnx caob mo>kct, xota npaKTH^ecKH pe4yHHpyeTCH 
h He Bceraa. K MHCAy caob, b kotopwx pe4yKUH^ KOHe^Horo [o] He4ony- 



1 O pa3AHH;HHH pasroBopHoro h noAHoro cTHAeii peMH cm.: A. B. UJ e p 6 a. (DoHeTHica 
<ppaHiiy3CKoro J3biKa. yqne4rH3, A M 1937, CTp. 19 — 20. 



OCHOBHHE OOHETHMECKHE 3AKOHOMEPHOCTH 39 

CTHiwa, othochtch, HanpHMep, TaKHe, KaK [omo] r rHe34o', [6oao] ^oceHb', 
jo] ( 40m', [mo] f 4epeBo\ [xa40Ko] ? KOca, AeTOBKa (opy4He)' [riaco] 'hojk 
MyHccKofiy, [ripco] *ho>k (jKeHCKuM)', [6oco] ( MaTepHn\ [ViMo] 'achok (pbi6a)', 
roxo] c kpk>k', [kjokto] ? uihiiobhhk\ [66kto] c Ke4pOBbifi opex', [TaKTo] f aM6ap', 
ca6o] f canorH', [noAo] r ocnHa', [^iKo] 'KypHija', [xohIko] f HHCTpyMeHT 4ah BHTbH 

BepeBOK'. 9to npeHMyrgecTBeHHO TaKHe CAOBa, b KOTopbix 4pyrwx rAacHwx, 

KpOMe [o], HeT, HAH TaKHe, B KOTOpblX Iipe4nOCAe4HHH CAOr HMeeT KpaTKHH 

TAacHbiM 3ByK, oco6eHHo ^acTo — rAacHbiS [i], B 4Pyrnx cAOBax aTa (})OHeMa 
b KOHe^Hbix cAorax o6bi^HO pe4yi£HpyeTCH, nepexo4fl b (poHeMy [y], hah >ne 
peaAH3yeTCH b BapnaHTe c noBbiuieHHbiM no4i>eMOM [e], aKycTH^ecKH cpe4HeM 
Me>K4y [0] h [y], HanpHiwep: [H&Me] = [HaMy] Wpe', [qa4e] = [ i ia4y] ( TaM, 
Tor4a', [xaje H ] = [xajy H ] c HMyigecTBO, Beigb, HHCTpyMeHT , J [4aAne H ] = [4aAny H ] 
f pbi6nfi KAeft', [jor4e] = [jor4y] *b 40Me\ [4apce H ] = Uaocy"] ? coAb', [ra- 
Mace 11 ] = [raMacy H ] 'hacmhhhhk, nAeMHHHHu y a', [cace] = [cacy] c 3HaTOK% 
[ane H ] = [any a ] 'uianKa', [Ha4o]~[Ha4y] *Ha 3eMAe', [xafjre] = [xaqry] 
? Kapacb', [xoAape] = [xoAapy] r qHTaE\ [ciape] = [ciapy] f euib\ Cio4a othochtch 
rAaBHWM o6pa30M TaKHe CAOBa, npe4nocAe4HHe CAorn kotopmx co4ep>KaT 
40Arne rAacHbie hah 4H$T0HrH. YcTaHOBHTb 6oAee tohho h onpe4eAeHHO, 

npH KaKHX yCAOBHHX KOHeHHOe [0] MO>KeT pe4yiJHpOBaTbCH H npH KaKHX 

He Mo>KeT, — noKa He y4aeTCH. 

B cpe4HHHbix CAorax (poHeMa [o] qacTO pe4yinipyeTCH, peaAH3ynCb 
b BapnaHTe [e], ho b (J)OHeMy [y] He nepexo4HT, xoth h 3By^HT HHor4a 
40BOAbHO 6ah3ko k Heft. Bnpo^eM, bo Bcex CAy^anx b cepe4HHe CAOBa 
<j)OHeivfa [o] MO>neT npoH3HOCHTbcn h 6e3 3aMeTHofl pe4yKijHH. TaK, Hanpniwep, 
roBopHT [KaH'jexaH'H] h [KaH'joxaH'n] f 3aiijHTHA (oh)', [6aprexaH'H] h [6apro- 
xaH'n] f oTbiCKaA (oh)', [a6eAT9 ] h [a6oATe n ] r He4ocTaTOK, HexBaTKa', [ciapecy 1 
h [ciapoce] c eiubTe\ [apuoKa"] h [apuoKa 11 ] *4eBo*iKa\ [qacepy] h [qacope 
*pe>Kb, pa3pe3afl', fjaKneqia] h [gaKnonia] ^BOCbMon', [xaMepen] h [xaiwopoH 

? nOCAe4HHH, 3a4HHH\ 

KopoTKO roBopn, npaBHAa pe4yKy,HH rAacHwx b HaHaftcKOM H3biKe cbo- 
4htch k cAe4yK)EgeMy: a) b KOHeMHbix CAorax [i] o6mhho 3HanHTeAbHO 
pe4yunpyeTCH h nacTO nepexo4HT b [h], a [o] b 04HHX CAOBax He mo>kct 
pe4yijHpoBaTbCH, b 4pyrnx >Ke pe4yu J HpyeTCH, peaAH3yncb b cBoeiw Ba- 
pnaHTe [e] hah nepexo4H b [y]; 6) b cpe4HHHbix CAorax [i] h [o] MoryT 

He pe4yU,HpOBaTbCH, HO MOryT H pe4yiJHpOBaTbCH, HeCKOAbKO noBbiuiaH 

cboh no4teM, o4HaKO He nepexo4H npn btom b [h] h [y]; b) b HaqaAbHbix 
CAorax pe4yKLjHH rAacHwx He 6wBaeT. 

OcTaAbHbie rAacHbie, 3a HCKAKDHeHneM e4HHHHHbix CAy^aeB, He pe4yiJH- 
pyioTCH. TAacHbie BTopofi cepHH b cMbiCAe noBbiuieHHH no4 , beMa, no-BH4H- 
MOMy, He pe4yijHpyioTCH, a ecAH h pe4yinipyiOTCH, to TaKan pe4ynyHH 
ocTaeTCH He3aMe r fH0H Ha cAyx. Be4b hx no4T>eM 4AH HaHaScKoro npoH3Ho- 

UieHHH HBAHeTCH MaKCHMaAbHO BblCOKHM B COOTBeTCTByiOUjeM pH4Y- Euj^ 

SoAbuiee noBbiuieHne no4i>eMa y>Ke He mojkct 4aTb saMeTHoro aKycra- 
qecKoro 9$$eKTa. He no4BepraeTCH saiweTHOH Ha CAyx pe4yKijHH TaK>Ke 
h rAacHbiii nepBofi cepnn [a]. Bo bchkom CAynae nepe40BaTbCH c napHHM 

2My TAaCHWM [s] OH B nopH4Ke pe4yKIJHH HHKaK He MO>KeT. 06 r bHCHHeTCH 
9TO, BH4HM0, TCM, HTO pa3HHya B n041>eMe Me>K4y STHMH 3ByKaMH 3HaHH- 

reAbHee, ^eM Me>K4y ocTaAbHMMH 4ByMH napaMH ochobhwx rAacHwx. 
BcnoMHHM, ^To Me>K4y [a] h [a] — noAHan CTyneHb no4*beMa, Me>K4y [o] 
h [y] — HenoAHan, a Me>K4y [i] h [h] pa3HHHa b no4'beMe euje MeHbuian, 
neM Me>K4y npe4bi4yujHMH 4ByMH rAacHHMH (cm. cTp. 19). 9thm BnoAHe 
o6T>HCHHeTCH noKa3aHHoe Bbiuie pa3AH*moe npoHBAeHne sanoHOB pe4ynyHH 

B Ka*K40H H3 Tpex nap OCHOBHblX TAaCHblX. 



40 (DOHETHqECKOE BliE4£HH£ 



B HaHaficKOM H3WKe mo>kho b nopH4Ke HCKAioqeHHH BCTpeTHTb CAyqan 
qepe40BaHHH [a] — [a], He CBH3aHHbie c o6biqHon accHMHAHijHeH, h 4a>Ke 

Hao6opOT, npOTHBOpenailJHe o6bmHbIM HOpMaM aCCHMHAHJJHH (cHHrapMOHH3Ma) 
TAaCHblX. CAy^aH 9TH KaCaiOTCH KaK pa3 KOHCHHblX TAaCHblX H noTOMy 

BHeuiHe MoryT HanoMHHaTb onHCaHHbie BMine CAyqan pe4yKi$HH rAacm>ix. 
TaK, HanpHMep, bmccto [ara] : CTapuiHH 6paT', [BaH^a] (co6cTBeHHoe hmh 
BaHn), [a6a] 'hct' h no4o6Hbix hm caob, Kor4a 3thm CAOBaM xotht npn^aTb 

OCO6yi0 HHTOHaiJHK) npH3bIBa HAH peiHHTeAbHOrO yTBep>K4eHHH, TOBOpHT, 

BepHee, BocKAHijaioT [ara-a]!!!, [BaH'a-a]!!! hah [a6a-a]M! f 4a hct >Ke!!! ? 
Ho b no4o6Hwx cAyqanx qepe40BaHne (poHeM [a] ~ [a] Bbi3WBaeTca He $0- 
HeTHqecKHMH ycAOBHHMH, KaK b npe4bi4yiJ$Hx cAyqaax, a oco6biMH Tpe6o- 
BaHHHMH HHTOHaijHH. CAe40BaTeAbHo, 34ecb MM BCTpeqaeMCH C COBepiIieHHO 
oco6wm CAyqaeM, HHKaKoro oTHomeHHH k pe4yKijHH He HMeioujHM. Be4b 
npn TaKOM npoH3HoiueHHH KOHeqHbie rAacHMe He ocAa6AHK>TCH, a Hao6opoT> 

yCHAHBaiOTCH, npOH3HOCHTCH C 60AbIHHM HanpnjKeHHeM, CO 3HaqHTeAbHO 
6oAbIHeH 4AHTeAbHOCTbK) H C MaKCHMaAbHbIM nOBMIIieHHeM CHAbI 3ByKa. 

llo-BH4HMOMy, HMeHHo ycHAeHHe Hanpa>KeHHocTH peqeBoro annapaTa h 4&ct 
34ecb noBbimeHHe no4T>eMa rAacHoro [a]. 3aMeTHM KCTaTH, qTO 4pyrne rAacHbie 
npn aHaAornqHOH HHTOHaijHH CBoero no4'beMa KaK 6y4To 6m He h3mchhiot. 



A HHOTAUMfl 

Khhth 6. A. AspopHHa npeAdaBAHeT co6oh nepBUH tom 4Byx- 
ToMHoro CHCTeMaTHHecKoro onncaHHH rpaMMaTHKH coBpeMeHHoro Ha- 
HaiiCKoro jisuxa. Ohb co^epstHT ^Ba paa^eAa; bo bboahom 4aeTCH 

OUHCaHHe HflHaHCKOH (f)OHeTHKH, B OCHOBHOM OIIHCaHHe Moptf)OAOrHH 

MMeHHWX MaCTCH peHH. AHaAH3 HSblKOEblX 3aKOHOMepHOCTeH npOBO- 

ahtch Ha ocHOBe o6HAbHoro MaTepnaAa penn HauaH (npeHMyige- 
CTBeHHO HanxHHCKoro roBopa). OT^eAbHbie rAaau khhth npeACTaBAHKvr 
HHTepec b nAaHe TeopeTHKO-AHHTBHCTimeCKOM. B ijcaom ate oHa npe£- 
Ha3HaneHa 4AH cneuHaAHCTOB no flabiKaii TyHryco-MaHbiaiypcKOH 

CeMbH. 



OTBeTCTBeHHblH pe^BXTOp 

O. 77. CVHMK
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Full text of "Грамматика нанайского иазыка (Grammar of the Nanai Language)"

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